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Author: George William Page
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Drinking water
Languages : en
Pages : 44
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Book Description
Author: George William Page
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Drinking water
Languages : en
Pages : 44
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Book Description
Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309136997
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 338
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Book Description
In the early 1980s, two water-supply systems on the Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune in North Carolina were found to be contaminated with the industrial solvents trichloroethylene (TCE) and perchloroethylene (PCE). The water systems were supplied by the Tarawa Terrace and Hadnot Point watertreatment plants, which served enlisted-family housing, barracks for unmarried service personnel, base administrative offices, schools, and recreational areas. The Hadnot Point water system also served the base hospital and an industrial area and supplied water to housing on the Holcomb Boulevard water system (full-time until 1972 and periodically thereafter). This book examines what is known about the contamination of the water supplies at Camp Lejeune and whether the contamination can be linked to any adverse health outcomes in former residents and workers at the base.
Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309031982
Category : Nature
Languages : en
Pages : 312
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Book Description
The most recent volume in the Drinking Water and Health series contains the results of a two-part study on the toxicity of drinking water contaminants. The first part examines current practices in risk assessment, identifies new noncancerous toxic responses to chemicals found in drinking water, and discusses the use of pharmacokinetic data to estimate the delivered dose and response. The second part of the book provides risk assessments for 14 specific compounds, 9 presented here for the first time.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
An understanding of the nature of the adverse effects that could be associated with contamination events in water distribution systems is necessary for carrying out vulnerability analyses and designing contamination warning systems. This study examines the adverse effects of contamination events using models for 12 actual water systems that serve populations ranging from about 104 to over 106 persons. The measure of adverse effects that we use is the number of people who are exposed to a contaminant above some dose level due to ingestion of contaminated tap water. For this study the number of such people defines the impact associated with an event. We consider a wide range of dose levels in order to accommodate a wide range of potential contaminants. For a particular contaminant, dose level can be related to a health effects level. For example, a dose level could correspond to the median lethal dose, i.e., the dose that would be fatal to 50% of the exposed population. Highly toxic contaminants may be associated with a particular response at a very low dose level, whereas contaminants with low toxicity may only be associated with the same response at a much higher dose level. This report focuses on the sensitivity of impacts to five factors that either define the nature of a contamination event or involve assumptions that are used in assessing exposure to the contaminant: (1) duration of contaminant injection, (2) time of contaminant injection, (3) quantity or mass of contaminant injected, (4) population distribution in the water distribution system, and (5) the ingestion pattern of the potentially exposed population. For each of these factors, the sensitivities of impacts to injection location and contaminant toxicity are also examined. For all the factors considered, sensitivity tends to increase with dose level (i.e., decreasing toxicity) of the contaminant, with considerable inter-network variability. With the exception of the population distribution (factor 4 above), sensitivity to the various factors tends to be highest at lower impact levels (e.g., impacts below the 80th percentile). Conversely, for the population distribution factor, sensitivity is lowest at the lower impact levels. For injection duration, impacts generally are higher for longer duration injections. Definite patterns are present in the sensitivity of impacts to injection time, but these vary substantially across the networks. As would be expected, impacts are larger for larger mass injections, but the sensitivity can vary dramatically depending on dose level and the network. Estimated impacts can be sensitive to assumptions about how population is distributed in a network, particularly at high impact levels and high dose levels, again with considerable variability across networks. Finally, impacts can be sensitive to assumptions about ingestion patterns in the potentially exposed population, with sensitivities varying across networks and tending to be highest for high dose levels. When considered in combination with the other factors (but not including the ingestion model used), impacts at low dose levels (levels at which the effects of highly toxic contaminants can be significant) are most sensitive to injection duration. Similarly, when considered in combination, impacts at higher dose levels (levels required for significant effects from contaminants with low toxicity) are most sensitive to injection mass. At low dose levels, for a likely range in injection masses, impacts are not particularly sensitive to injection mass. The influence of the various factors on the location of high percentile injection locations can be as important or more important than their influence on the magnitudes of impacts. In addition, the choice of contaminant has a major influence on which nodes are high impact injection locations. The sharing (overlap) of the same high-percentile injection nodes for different values of a factor can vary substantially by contaminant and impact level (percentile of impact). Overlap tends to decrease with decreasing toxicity of the contaminant and increasing impact level for all the factors considered, with considerable variability among the networks. Our results demonstrate the great variability in the impacts and the sensitivity of impacts to various factors that can occur in different water systems during a contamination event. Although definite patterns exist in the nature and magnitude of impacts and sensitivities for the diverse set of water systems examined, these results also show that substantial inter-network variability limits the ability to predict or extrapolate these results to other systems. Therefore, although water systems do exhibit some similarities in the magnitude and pattern of impacts during contamination events, each individual water system should be treated as unique.
Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309036879
Category : Nature
Languages : en
Pages : 476
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Book Description
The most recent volume in the Drinking Water and Health series contains the results of a two-part study on the toxicity of drinking water contaminants. The first part examines current practices in risk assessment, identifies new noncancerous toxic responses to chemicals found in drinking water, and discusses the use of pharmacokinetic data to estimate the delivered dose and response. The second part of the book provides risk assessments for 14 specific compounds, 9 presented here for the first time.
Author: Rhoda G.M. Wang
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 100010494X
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 543
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Book Description
This volume examines every potential means of exposure to water contaminants, provides in-depth discussions on toxicology, and explains up-to-date techniques for evaluating human health risk. It develops a methodology for assessing the cumulative absorbed dose of contaminants through all routes of exposure, including ingestion, inhalation and dermal. Federal and state efforts to monitor and treat water are examined.
Author: K Clive Thompson
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry
ISBN: 1847552420
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 383
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Book Description
Contamination of water supplies and the immediate availability of appropriate emergency responses to chemical, biological, radiological or nuclear (CBRN) events which result in contaminated water are becoming increasingly relevant and significant issues in the water industry and in the wider world. Consequently, new strategies and technologies are being constantly evolved and refined by leading experts in the field in order to achieve rapid and effective responses to water contamination events. Water Contamination Emergencies: Enhancing our Response brings together contributions from leading scientists and experts from both academia and industry in the field of water contamination and emergency planning. The book covers a wide range of topics including responses to water contamination emergencies, impacts on public health and commerce, risk assessment, analysis and monitoring, emergency planning, control and planning and threats to the water industry. This book is ideal for specialists in the field of water contamination and emergency response planning, especially researchers and professionals in industry and government who require an authoritative and highly specialised resource on water contamination management. The reader will gain an appreciation of the activities supporting the development of responses to contamination events; emergency actions required in response to the contamination of drinking water; and incident management. Also discussed are the importance of communication between organisations and the public; consumer perceptions and the need for robust and rapid screening of samples taken in response to potential contamination events in order to help answer the key question "Is this water safe to drink?"
Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 9780309078474
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 415
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Book Description
The most recent volume in the Drinking Water and Health series contains the results of a two-part study on the toxicity of drinking water contaminants. The first part examines current practices in risk assessment, identifies new noncancerous toxic responses to chemicals found in drinking water, and discusses the use of pharmacokinetic data to estimate the delivered dose and response. The second part of the book provides risk assessments for 14 specific compounds, 9 presented here for the first time.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Drinking water
Languages : en
Pages : 220
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Book Description
Author: John Gray
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry
ISBN: 184755931X
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 423
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Book Description
In the current international situation, the ability to deal effectively with water contamination emergencies is of rapidly increasing importance. The third in a series of conference proceedings, this book brings together contributions from leading scientists and experts in industry and academia. It offers an international perspective and develops the themes of the previous volumes entitled Water Contamination Emergencies: Can we cope? and Water Contamination Emergencies: Enhancing our response. The full range of potential chemical, microbiological and radiological contamination scenarios are addressed from the perspective of medical and health professionals, water companies and regulators, environmental protection professionals, risk and business continuity managers, emergency planners, local authorities, service and support providers, detection and equipment suppliers, disaster recovery specialists, water security experts, water distribution modellers and laboratories involved in round the clock emergency response. Emphasis is placed on the considerable effort required to prepare for and respond to an emergency. It is not sufficient for Individuals to simply identify their own responsibilities, they must also take action to establish effective and efficient working relationships with the other parties involved. In other words, they must take "Collective Responsibility". In summary, this book will provide readers with an up-to-date view of current strategies and the collaboration essential for an appropriate and timely response to water contamination emergencies.
