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Author: Shlomo Nir
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781536149593
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
This book focuses on water purification by micelle-clay nano-particles. The micelle-clay complex is composed of an organic cation (surfactant) with a long alkyl chain, e.g., ODTMA (octadecyltrimethylammonium) that spontaneously forms micelles of several nm in diameters at small concentrations. The positively charged micelles interact with a negatively charged clay (bentonite) at optimal ratios. The resulting complex has a large surface area per weight; it includes large hydrophobic parts and has an excess of a positive charge. The complex is insensitive to higher temperatures (50 0C), to pH values in the range of 2-11, or ionic strengths. Production of powdered and granulated complexes is described. The material characteristics of the micelle-clay complex differ from those of organo-clay of the same composition, which is formed by the interaction of monomers of the surfactant with the clay (Chapters One and Two). Model calculations enable simulations and predictions of removal of pollutants from water in batch or filtration experiments, and can yield cost estimates (Chapter Three). Laboratory and pilot experiments (Chapter Four) yield efficient removal from the water of (i) hydrophobic and anionic organic molecules: herbicides, humic acid, dissolved organic matter, and pharmaceuticals; (ii) inorganic anions, e.g., perchlorate; and (iii) microorganisms: bacteria, viruses, and parasites, e.g., cryptosporidium, which is resistant to chlorination. The (above) use of a micelle-clay complex indicated a big advantage in comparison with activated carbon. Low cost regeneration of used filters after bacteria adsorption is described. Biocidal effects of cations, e.g., ODTMA are demonstrated; released cations during filtration enhanced the filter efficiency. The released cations are removed from water before consumer use by another filter containing activated carbon. Drinking water from lakes is forbidden during cyanobacteria bloom due to harmful toxins. Filtration by the granulated micelle-clay complex and killing of cyanobacteria by ODTMA cations are described. Water purification by other clay-composites such as liposome- and polymer-clay is described in Chapter Five. Collaboration between technologies of water purification are found in Chapter Six: (i) Incubation of grey water in a moving bed biological reactor followed by filtration by the micelle-clay granulated complex enables water reuse at low cost. (ii) Filtration combined with degradation by solar photo-Fenton processes is a promising tertiary treatment of wastewater, including efficient removal of problematic pharmaceuticals. (iii) A new design of the micelle-clay complex may yield enhanced capacity for removal of microorganisms from water by combining filtration with biocidal action of free cations. This book describes inventions in material science and developments of computational procedures for simulations and predictions, and is an authoritative and stimulating reference for researchers, engineers and students involved in water treatment and adsorption processes.
Author: Shlomo Nir
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781536149593
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 0
Get Book Here
Book Description
This book focuses on water purification by micelle-clay nano-particles. The micelle-clay complex is composed of an organic cation (surfactant) with a long alkyl chain, e.g., ODTMA (octadecyltrimethylammonium) that spontaneously forms micelles of several nm in diameters at small concentrations. The positively charged micelles interact with a negatively charged clay (bentonite) at optimal ratios. The resulting complex has a large surface area per weight; it includes large hydrophobic parts and has an excess of a positive charge. The complex is insensitive to higher temperatures (50 0C), to pH values in the range of 2-11, or ionic strengths. Production of powdered and granulated complexes is described. The material characteristics of the micelle-clay complex differ from those of organo-clay of the same composition, which is formed by the interaction of monomers of the surfactant with the clay (Chapters One and Two). Model calculations enable simulations and predictions of removal of pollutants from water in batch or filtration experiments, and can yield cost estimates (Chapter Three). Laboratory and pilot experiments (Chapter Four) yield efficient removal from the water of (i) hydrophobic and anionic organic molecules: herbicides, humic acid, dissolved organic matter, and pharmaceuticals; (ii) inorganic anions, e.g., perchlorate; and (iii) microorganisms: bacteria, viruses, and parasites, e.g., cryptosporidium, which is resistant to chlorination. The (above) use of a micelle-clay complex indicated a big advantage in comparison with activated carbon. Low cost regeneration of used filters after bacteria adsorption is described. Biocidal effects of cations, e.g., ODTMA are demonstrated; released cations during filtration enhanced the filter efficiency. The released cations are removed from water before consumer use by another filter containing activated carbon. Drinking water from lakes is forbidden during cyanobacteria bloom due to harmful toxins. Filtration by the granulated micelle-clay complex and killing of cyanobacteria by ODTMA cations are described. Water purification by other clay-composites such as liposome- and polymer-clay is described in Chapter Five. Collaboration between technologies of water purification are found in Chapter Six: (i) Incubation of grey water in a moving bed biological reactor followed by filtration by the micelle-clay granulated complex enables water reuse at low cost. (ii) Filtration combined with degradation by solar photo-Fenton processes is a promising tertiary treatment of wastewater, including efficient removal of problematic pharmaceuticals. (iii) A new design of the micelle-clay complex may yield enhanced capacity for removal of microorganisms from water by combining filtration with biocidal action of free cations. This book describes inventions in material science and developments of computational procedures for simulations and predictions, and is an authoritative and stimulating reference for researchers, engineers and students involved in water treatment and adsorption processes.
Author: Omar Azzaroni
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry
ISBN: 1788019628
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 534
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Book Description
The concept of nanoarchitechtonics was introduced to describe the correct manipulation of nanoscale materials in the creation of nano-devices and applications. Nanoarchitectonics has begun to spread into many fields including nanostructured materials synthesis, supramolecular assembly, nanoscale structural fabrications, materials hybridizations, materials and structures for energy and environmental sciences, device and physical application, and bio- and medical applications. Following on from the 2012 title Manipulation of Nanoscale Materials, Concepts and Design of Materials Nanoarchitectonics covers the introductory features underlying the field, presenting a unifying overview of the theoretical aspects and emerging applications that are changing the capability to understand and design advanced functional materials. Edited by pioneers of the field, this book will appeal to researchers working in nanoscience, materials science, supramolecular chemistry, physical chemistry and organic chemistry, as well as graduate students in these areas.
Author: Angelo Basile
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 1782421262
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 667
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Book Description
Advances in Membrane Technologies for Water Treatment: Materials, Processes and Applications provides a detailed overview of advanced water treatment methods involving membranes, which are increasingly seen as effective replacements for a range of conventional water treatment methods. The text begins with reviews of novel membrane materials and advances in membrane operations, then examines the processes involved with improving membrane performance. Final chapters cover the application of membrane technologies for use in water treatment, with detailed discussions on municipal wastewater and reuse in the textile and paper industries. - Provides a detailed overview of advanced water treatment methods involving membranes - Coverage includes advancements in membrane materials, improvement in membrane performance, and their applications in water treatment - Discusses the use of membrane technologies in the production of drinking water, desalination, wastewater treatment, and recovery
Author: Mohammad Faisal
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3319767089
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 412
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Book Description
This book provides relevant findings on nanoparticles’ toxicity, their uptake, translocation and mechanisms of interaction with plants at cellular and sub-cellular level. The small size and large specific surface area of nanoparticles endow them with high chemical reactivity and intrinsic toxicity. Such unique physicochemical properties draw global attention of scientists to study potential risks and adverse effects of nanoparticles in the environment. Their toxicity has pronounced effects and consequences for plants and ultimately the whole ecosystem. Plants growing in nanomaterials-polluted sites may exhibit altered metabolism, growth reduction, and lower biomass production. Nanoparticles can adhere to plant roots and exert physicochemical toxicity and subsequently cell death in plants. On the other hand, plants have developed various defense mechanisms against this induced toxicity. This books discusses recent findings as well as several unresolved issues and challenges regarding the interaction and biological effects of nanoparticles. Only detailed studies of these processes and mechanisms will allow researchers to understand the complex plant-nanomaterial interactions.
Author: Srabanti Ghosh
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 1000485323
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 488
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Book Description
Offering a comprehensive view of water-treatment technologies, Nanomaterials for Water Treatment and Remediation explores recent developments in the use of advanced nanomaterials (ANMs) for water treatment and remediation. In-depth reaction mechanisms in water-treatment technologies, including adsorption, catalysis, and membrane filtration for water purification using ANMs, are discussed in detail. The book includes an investigation of the fabrication processes of nanostructured materials and the fundamental aspects of surfaces at the nanoscale. The book also covers the removal of water-borne pathogens and microbes through a photochemical approach. FEATURES Explains various chemical treatments for the removal and separation of hazardous dyes, organic pollutants, pharmaceuticals, and heavy metals from aqueous solutions, including adsorption, advanced oxidation process, and photocatalysis Discusses the rational design of nanoporous materials with a tunable pore structure and fabrication of nanomaterials by surface chemistry engineering Covers the role of nanomaterials-assisted oxidation and reduction processes, design of nano-assisted membrane-based separation, and multifunctional nanomaterials and nanodevices for water treatment Provides an understanding of the structure–activity relationship and stability of ANMs under critical experimental conditions Identifies potential challenges in the application of multifunctional ANMs for future research Nanomaterials for Water Treatment and Remediation is aimed at researchers and industry professionals in chemical, materials, and environmental engineering as well as related fields interested in the application of advanced materials to water treatment and remediation.
Author: M. Bardosova
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 9401799210
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 354
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Book Description
The current work consists of nine contributions describing recent progress in the interdisciplinary of Nanoscience, which involves physics, chemistry, engineering, biology and medicine and one essay outlining some important historical and socioeconomic factors pertaining to recent developments in nanoscale science and technology. All 10 chapters have been written by eminent experts in their respective fields. The authors employ the terms ‘nanomaterials’ as building blocks of a range of materials, ‘nanoarchitecture’ represents the design and ‘nanotechnology’ the means to produce a particular device or functionality. Two of the chapters are devoted to novel materials and two others focus on analyzing techniques, which can be used to enable molecular control of the film architecture. Additionally, the reader will find material devoted to photonic and hybrid plasmonic-photonic crystals as well as sections which address their applications, such as the use of plasmonic particles and nanostructures for new sensing concepts and ultrasensitive detection techniques. This work will be of interest to graduate students, researchers and practitioners alike.
Author: Bhupendra Koul
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 9811324204
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 251
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Book Description
This book presents a comprehensive collection of various in situ and ex-situ soil remediation regimes that employ natural or genetically modified microbes, plants, and animals for the biodegradation of toxic compounds or hazardous waste into simpler non-toxic products. These techniques are demonstrated to be functionally effective in connection with physical, chemical, and biological strategies. Soil and water contamination through heavy metals, hydrocarbons and radioactive wastes is of global concern, as these factors have cumulative effects on the environment and human health through food-chain contamination. The book discusses the utilization of algae, plants, plant-associated bacteria, fungi (endophytic or rhizospheric) and certain lower animals for the sustainable bioremediation of organic and inorganic pollutants. In addition, it explores a number of more recent techniques like biochar and biofilms for carbon sequestration, soil conditioning and remediation, and water remediation. It highlights a number of recent advances in nanobioremediation, an emerging technology based on biosynthetic nanoparticles. Lastly, it presents illustrative case studies and highlights the successful treatment of polluted soils by means of these strategies.
Author: Phuong Nguyen Tri
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0128168919
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 566
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Book Description
Smart Nanocontainers explores the fundamental concepts and emerging applications of nanocontainers in biomedicine, pharmaceuticals and smart materials. In pharmaceuticals, nanocontainers have advantages over their micro-counterparts, including more efficient drug detoxification, higher intracellular uptake, better stability, less side effects and higher biocompatibility with tissue and cells. In materials science, such as coating technology, they help by making coatings smarter, stronger and more durable. This important reference will help anyone who wants to learn more on how nanocontainers are used to provide the controlled release of active agents, including their applications in smart coatings, corrosion, drug delivery, diagnosis, agri-food and gas storage. - Discusses how the molecular design of nanocarriers can be optimized to increase performance - Explores how nanocarriers are being used to produce a new generation of active coatings - Explains how nanocarriers are being used to deliver more effective nanoscale drug delivery
Author: Shyam Mohapatra
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0128140348
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 702
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Book Description
Nano-carriers for Drug Delivery: Nanoscience and Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery presents recent discoveries in research on the pharmaceutical applications of the various types of nanosystem-based drug delivery systems. As many nanosystems have reached the market over the past decade, this book proves their benefits to patients. It explores these new carriers and the advances in drug delivery they have facilitated. Reflecting the interdisciplinary nature of the subject matter, the book includes experts from different fields, and with various backgrounds and expertise. It will appeal to researchers and students from different disciplines, such as materials science, technology and various biomedical fields. Coverage includes industrial applications that bridge the gap between lab-based research and practical industrial use. The resulting work is a reference and practical source of guidance for researchers, students and scientists working in the fields of nanotechnology, materials science and technology and biomedical science. - Enables readers from different fields to access recent research and protocols across traditional boundaries - Focuses on protocols and techniques, as well as the knowledge base of the field, thus enabling those in R&D to learn about, and successfully deploy, cutting-edge techniques - Includes sections on nanocarrier systems
Author: Alok Sinha
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 9819920620
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 475
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Book Description
This contributed volume discusses the current status of the occurrences, fate and transport of persistent pollutants in water and wastewater. This contents compile the state-of-the-art of emerging technologies such as nanotechnology, advanced oxidation process, membrane processes, sorption, etc. for the clean-up of persistent pollutants in water including heavy metals, pharmaceuticals, phenolic compounds as well as microplastics and their by-products. This volume will be useful as a guide for the researchers to build strategies to deal with persistent pollutant. It also discusses the principal aspects of degradation mechanism of the pollutants, toxic by-products and effectiveness of the emerging technologies. This volume will be a useful guide for those working in soil and water protection, and environmental civil engineering.
