Author: Mohand Beddar
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : fr
Pages : 437
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Book Description
La présente recherche propose un modèle de traduction automatique français-arabe contrôlée appliquée aux domaines à sécurité critique. C'est une recherche transverse qui traite à la fois des langues contrôlées et de la traduction automatique français-arabe, deux concepts intimement liés. Dans une situation de crise où la communication doit jouer pleinement son rôle, et dans une mondialisation croissante où plusieurs langues cohabitent, notre recherche montre que l'association de ces deux concepts est plus que nécessaire. Nul ne peut contester aujourd'hui la place prépondérante qu'occupe la sécurité dans le quotidien des personnes et les enjeux qu'elle représente au sein des sociétés modernes. Ces sociétés davantage complexes et interconnectées manifestent une vulnérabilité flagrante qui les oblige à repenser leurs moyens d'organisation et de protection dont les systèmes de communication. La communication langagière à l'aide de systèmes informatisés est l'une des formes de communication la plus souvent utilisée pour le transfert des connaissances nécessaires à l'accomplissement des tâches et le déroulement des diverses actions. Toutefois, et contrairement à une idée bien ancrée qui tend à associer les risques d'une mauvaise communication à l'oral uniquement, l'usage de la langue écrite peut lui aussi comporter des risques. En effet des messages mal écrits peuvent conduire à de réelles catastrophes et à des conséquences irréversibles notamment dans des domaines jugés sensibles tels que les domaines à sécurité critique. C'est dans ce contexte que s'inscrit notre recherche. Cette thèse est une approche novatrice dans les domaines des langues contrôlées et de la traduction automatique. Elle définit avec précision, en s'appuyant sur une analyse microsystémique de la langue et un travail en intension sur le corpus, des normes pour la rédaction de protocoles de sécurité et d'alertes ainsi que leur traduction automatique vers l'arabe. Elle apporte en effet des notions nouvelles à travers plusieurs procédés normatifs intervenant non seulement dans le processus de contrôle mais également dans le processus de traduction. Le système de traduction automatique français-arabe TACCT (Traduction Automatique Contrôlée Centre Tesnière) mis au point dans cette thèse est un système à base de règles linguistiques qui repose sur un modèle syntaxico-sémantique isomorphique issu des analyses intra- et interlangues entre le français et l'arabe. Il introduit de nouveaux concepts notamment celui des macrostructures miroir contrôlées, où la syntaxe et la sémantique des langues source et cible sont représentées au même niveau.
Author: Emma Ghourabi
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : fr
Pages : 26
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Book Description
Author: Emma Ghourabi
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : fr
Pages : 59
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Book Description
Author: Jean Delisle
Publisher: John Benjamins Publishing
ISBN: 9027224501
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
Languages : en
Pages : 364
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Book Description
Acclaimed, when it first appeared, as a seminal work a groundbreaking book that was both informative and highly readable Translators through History is being released in a new edition, substantially revised and expanded by Judith Woodsworth. Translators have played a key role in intellectual exchange through the ages and across borders. This account of how they have contributed to the development of languages, the emergence of literatures, the dissemination of knowledge and the spread of values tells the story of world culture itself. Content has been updated, new elements introduced and recent directions in translation scholarship incorporated, providing fresh insights and a more nuanced view of past events. The bibliography contains over 100 new titles and illustrations have been refreshed and enhanced. An invaluable tool for students, scholars and professionals in the field of translation, the latest version of Translators through History remains a vital resource for researchers in other disciplines and a fascinating read for the wider public.
Author: Leslie Rainer
Publisher: Getty Publications
ISBN: 1606060430
Category : Architecture
Languages : fr
Pages : 438
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Book Description
Earthen architecture constitutes one of the most diverse forms of cultural heritage and one of the most challenging to preserve. It dates from all periods and is found on all continents but is particularly prevalent in Africa, where it has been a building tradition for centuries. Sites range from ancestral cities in Mali to the palaces of Abomey in Benin, from monuments and mosques in Iran and Buddhist temples on the Silk Road to Spanish missions in California. This volume's sixty-four papers address such themes as earthen architecture in Mali, the conservation of living sites, local knowledge systems and intangible aspects, seismic and other natural forces, the conservation and management of archaeological sites, research advances, and training.
Author: Andrea Maloney Schara
Publisher:
ISBN: 9780615928791
Category : Families
Languages : en
Pages : 318
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Book Description
"Your Mindful Compass" takes us behind the emotional curtain to see the mechanisms regulating individuals in social systems. There is great comfort and wisdom in knowing we can increase our awareness to manage the swift and ancient mechanisms of social control. We can gain greater flexibility by seeing how social controls work in systems from ants to humans. To be less controlled by others, we learn how emotional systems influence our relationship-oriented brain. People want to know what goes on in families that give rise to amazing leaders and/or terrorists. For the first time in history we can understand the systems in which we live. The social sciences have been accumulating knowledge since the early fifties as to how we are regulated by others. S. Milgram, S. Ashe, P. Zimbardo and J. Calhoun, detail the vulnerability to being duped and deceived and the difficulty of cooperating when values differ. Murray Bowen, M.D., the first researcher to observe several live-in families, for up to three years, at the National Institute of Mental Health. Describing how family members overly influence one another and distribute stress unevenly, Bowen described both how symptoms and family leaders emerge in highly stressed families. Our brain is not organized to automatically perceive that each family has an emotional system, fine-tuned by evolution and "valuing" its survival as a whole, as much as the survival of any individual. It is easier to see this emotional system function in ants or mice but not in humans. The emotional system is organized to snooker us humans: encouraging us to take sides, run away from others, to pressure others, to get sick, to blame others, and to have great difficulty in seeing our part in problems. It is hard to see that we become anxious, stressed out and even that we are difficult to deal with. But "thinking systems" can open the doors of perception, allowing us to experience the world in a different way. This book offers both coaching ideas and stories from leaders as to strategies to break out from social control by de-triangling, using paradoxes, reversals and other types of interruptions of highly linked emotional processes. Time is needed to think clearly about the automatic nature of the two against one triangle. Time and experience is required as we learn strategies to put two people together and get self outside the control of the system. In addition, it takes time to clarify and define one's principles, to know what "I" will or will not do and to be able to take a stand with others with whom we are very involved. The good news is that systems' thinking is possible for anyone. It is always possible for an individual to understand feelings and to integrate them with their more rational brains. In so doing, an individual increases his or her ability to communicate despite misunderstandings or even rejection from important others. The effort involved in creating your Mindful Compass enables us to perceive the relationship system without experiencing it's threats. The four points on the Mindful Compass are: 1) Action for Self, 2) Resistance to Forward Progress, 3) Knowledge of Social Systems and the 4) The Ability to Stand Alone. Each gives us a view of the process one enters when making an effort to define a self and build an emotional backbone. It is not easy to find our way through the social jungle. The ability to know emotional systems well enough to take a position for self and to become more differentiated is part of the natural way humans cope with pressure. Now people can use available knowledge to build an emotional backbone, by thoughtfully altering their part in the relationship system. No one knows how far one can go by making an effort to be more of a self-defined individual in relationships to others. Through increasing emotional maturity, we can find greater individual freedom at the same time that we increase our ability to cooperate and to be close to others.
Author: P. Petitjean
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 9401125945
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 419
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Book Description
SCIENCE AND EMPIRES: FROM THE INTERNATIONAL COLLOQUIUM TO THE BOOK Patrick PETITJEAN, Catherine JAMI and Anne Marie MOULIN The International Colloquium "Science and Empires - Historical Studies about Scientific De velopment and European Expansion" is the product of an International Colloquium, "Sciences and Empires - A Comparative History of Scien tific Exchanges: European Expansion and Scientific Development in Asian, African, American and Oceanian Countries". Organized by the REHSEIS group (Research on Epistemology and History of Exact Sciences and Scientific Institutions) of CNRS (National Center for Scientific Research), the colloquium was held from 3 to 6 April 1990 in the UNESCO building in Paris. This colloquium was an idea of Professor Roshdi Rashed who initiated this field of studies in France some years ago, and proposed "Sciences and Empires" as one of the main research programmes for the The project to organize such a colloquium was a bit REHSEIS group. of a gamble. Its subject, reflected in the title "Sciences and Empires", is not a currently-accepted sub-discipline of the history of science; rather, it refers to a set of questions which found autonomy only recently. The terminology was strongly debated by the participants and, as is frequently suggested in this book, awaits fuller clarification.
Author: Council of Europe
Publisher: Council of Europe
ISBN: 928717962X
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 58
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Book Description
The linguistic integration of migrants affects every aspect of settling in a new country (employment, health, etc.). The aim of this collection of texts is to propose a number of specific measures member states can take to help adult migrants become acquainted with the language of the host country. The main focus is on organising language courses that meet migrants’ real communication needs. It is not enough for authorities simply to consider the technical aspects of such courses, they should also design and conduct them in accordance with the fundamental values of the Council of Europe. A number of issues concerning the linguistic integration of adult migrants are presented here, beginning with the notion of linguistic integration itself. Family reunion, the nature of citizenship and the function of language tests, among others, are dealt with from the point of view of language and language use. Readers are invited to reflect on the type of language competences that need to be acquired as well as an appropriate use of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages. The collection also sets out approaches and instruments designed to assist in implementing effective policies.
Author: Michaela Wolf
Publisher: John Benjamins Publishing
ISBN: 9789027216823
Category : Language Arts & Disciplines
Languages : en
Pages : 246
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Book Description
The view of translation as a socially regulated activity has opened up a broad field of research in the last few years. This volume deals with central questions of the new domain and aims to contribute to the conceptualisation of a general sociology of translation. Interdisciplinary in approach, it discusses the role of major representatives of sociology like Pierre Bourdieu, Bruno Latour, Bernard Lahire, Anthony Giddens or Niklas Luhmann in establishing a theoretical framework for a sociology of translation. Drawing on methodologies from sociology and integrating them into translation studies, the book questions some of the established categories in this discipline and calls for a redefinition of long-assumed principles. The contributions show the social involvement of translation in various fields and focus especially on the translator s position in an emerging sociology of translation, Bourdieu s influence in conceptualising this new sub-discipline, methodological questions and a sociologically oriented meta-discussion of translation studies.
Author: World Conservation Union
Publisher: IUCN
ISBN: 9782831709130
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 116
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Book Description
The African Convention on the conservation of nature and natural resources was adopted in 1968 in Algiers. Considered the most forward looking regional agreement of the time, it influenced significantly the development of environmental law in Africa. Two and a half decades of intense developments in international environmental law made it necessary to revise this treaty, update its provisions and enlarge its scope. This was undertaken under the auspices of the African Union (previously OAU), and the revision was adopted by its Heads of State and Government in July 2003 in Maputo. The introduction provides an overview of this new international treaty, as well as a commentary to each of its provisions.
