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Author: Alejandro Gaviria Trujillo
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Drug abuse and crime
Languages : en
Pages : 282
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Author: Alejandro Gaviria Trujillo
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Drug abuse and crime
Languages : en
Pages : 282
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Author: Minghao Li
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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The study of intergenerational mobility has a long history in the social sciences. Previous studies have proposed various mobility concepts, striven to overcome empirical barriers to achieve accurate national measures, and mapped out cross-country patterns and time trends of mobility. The three essays in dissertation contribute to a recent strand of this literature which seeks to understand the mechanisms through which social status is transmitted across generations. After an overall introduction in chapter one, chapter two uses recently published county-level data to study the determinants of intergenerational mobility, measured by income levels and teen birth rates. Following Solons mobility model, we study the impacts of public investment in human capital, returns to human capital, and taxation. The results show that better school quality and higher returns to education increase adult incomes and reduce teen birth rates for children from low income families. By comparing counties within or adjacent to metropolitan areas to other counties, this study finds that urban upward mobility is sensitive to parents' education while non-urban upward mobility is sensitive to migration opportunities.Chapter three employs court-ordered School Finance Reforms (SFRs) as quasi-experiments to quantify the effects of education equity on intergenerational mobility within commuting zones. First, I use reduced form difference-in-difference analysis to show that 10 years of exposure to SFRs increases the average college attendance rate by about 5.2% for children with the lowest parent income. The effect of exposure to SFRs decreases with parent income and increases with the duration of exposure. Second, to directly model the causal pathways, I construct a measure for education inequity based on the association between school district education expenditure and median family income. Using exposure to SFRs as the instrumental variable, 2SLS analysis suggests that one standard deviation reduction in education inequality will cause the average college attendance rate to increase by 2.2% for children at the lower end of the parent income spectrum. Placing the magnitudes of these effects in context, I conclude that policies aimed at increasing education equity, such as SFRs, can substantially benefit poor children but they alone are not enough to overcome the high degree of existing inequalities.Chapter four studies the Intergenerational Persistence of Self-employment in China across the Planned Economy Era. It finds that children whose parents were self-employed before Chinas socialist transformation were more likely to become self-employed themselves after the economic reform even though they had no direct exposure to their parents businesses. The effect is found in both urban and rural areas, but only for sons. Furthermore, asset holding data indicate that households with self-employed parents before the socialist transformation were more risk tolerant. These findings suggest that the taste for self-employment is an important conduit of parents effects on self-employment, and that the taste being transferred can be mapped to known entrepreneurial attitudes.
Author: Maximilian Hell
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Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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The papers in this dissertation investigate the patterns and consequence of intergenerational mobility in the United States. First, I examine changes in the share of Black and white children earning more than their parents. I find that declines in absolute income mobility for Black children, from 92% to 41% between 1940 and 1987 birth cohorts, are steeper than for whites. In the preferred specification, the racial gap increases from 2 to 8 pp. For Black men, a principal driver of low mobility is their high rate of institutionalization. For white women, family formation plays a key role in achieving upward mobility. Black women have much higher mobility in individual income, but not in family income. Mobility declines are largest in the South, where Black parental income was particularly low in the early cohorts. Second, I investigate the consequences of class mobility for people's beliefs. Do children growing up in a particular class retain its beliefs? And is the process of moving between classes itself associated with shifts in beliefs? I find evidence that people's values show relatively strong, and their material interests comparatively weak associations with parental class. Moreover, people who move from one class to another are more likely to hold the beliefs of the higher-status class across a number of domains, such that the upwardly mobile are more tolerant, the downwardly mobile more hostile to redistribution. I also find evidence for resentment regarding political ideology, where mobility is associated with lower chances of holding the beliefs of the higher-status class. Third, I analyze whether changes in educational stratification have resulted in greater parental influence on people's level of social distrust. Compared to own education, has parental education grown in significance? I find evidence that men, for whom educational expansion has stalled, saw increases in the relative weight of parental education on social distrust. At the same time, women saw continued increases in educational attainment and decreases in the weight of parental background, relative to their own educational attainment.
Author:
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ISBN:
Category : Dissertations, Academic
Languages : en
Pages : 640
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Author: Murat Anil Mercan
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Intergenerational relations
Languages : en
Pages : 204
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Author: MartÃn Leites Lamela
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ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Author: Qi Wu
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ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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This dissertation consists of three essays in the areas of Industrial Organizationand Applied Microeconomics, examining the role of social interactions on market outcomes and the welfare consequences. The first essay studies the role of social influence on consumer demand and firm competition through pricing strategies. Social influence is an important driver of consumption behavior, but its effect on firm competition and pricing is understudied. This paper investigates whether and how social influence affects product choices and firm competition, drawing on a novel dataset that consists of large-scale de-identified mobile call records from a city in China. I first identify social influence using a new identification strategy that exploits the partially overlapping network of friends and residential neighbors and the intertemporal variation in friend circles. I find that the purchasing probability for a phone model doubles with 10 percent more friends using the same model. Consumers are more likely to conform to wealthier friends and choose visually distinct features, suggesting that status-seeking motivation may be an important driver of social influence. I then evaluate how social influence affects firm competition by building and estimating a structural model that incorporates social influence in consumer demand. I find that social influence favors high-quality products while reducing low-quality products' market share. In addition, a small price drop of a product would lead to larger gains through quantity expansion by peers. Social influence, on average, reduces initial prices by 0.7 percent and increases subsequent prices by 0.1 percent. It also increases the total profits of new products by 3.4 percent and increases consumer surplus by about 1.7 percent. In the second essay, my co-authors and I examine the role of social referrals and information exchange in urban labor markets. We use the universe of deidentified and geocoded cellphone records for over a million individuals from a major Chinese telecommunication provider. We find that information flows, as measured by call volume, correlates strongly with worker flows, a pattern that persists at different levels of geographic aggregation. Conditional on information flow, socioeconomic diversity of the social contacts, especially that associated with the working population, helps to predict the worker flows. We supplement the phone records with administrative data on firm attributes and auxiliary data on job postings and residential housing prices. Referred jobs are associated with higher monetary gains, a higher likelihood to transition from part-time to full-time, reduced commuting time, and a higher probability of entering desirable jobs. The third essay studies the effects of parental retirement on adult children's labor supply through intergenerational time and monetary transfer. My coauthor and I exploit the mandatory retirement age in China as the cut-off point and apply a regression discontinuity (RD) approach to four waves of the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) Dataset. Our findings suggest that parental retirement reduces adult children's annual hours of labor supply by 3 to 4 percent. This reduction is especially pronounced for female children. We find that the reduction can be explained by parents' increasing demand for time and care from children due to the significant drop in parents' self-rated health upon retirement. Although both male and female children increased their monetary and time transfers to parents, we find that parents tend to make more transfers to sons compared to daughters. Daughters are also more likely to make transfers to parents after they retire, both in terms of money and in terms of time.
Author: Hisam Kim
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 166
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Author: Martin Nybom
Publisher:
ISBN: 9789174476118
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 162
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Author: Cornelia Ilie
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1118611101
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 1676
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The International Encyclopedia of Language and Social Interaction is an invaluable reference work featuring contributions from leading global scholars, available both online and as a three-volume print set. The definitive international reference work on a topic of major and increasing importance, in a new series of sub-disciplinary international encyclopedias Provides state-of-the-art research for scholars in a highly interactive and accessible format, available both online and as a three-volume print set Covers key research topics in the field with contributions from a team of experienced, global editors Successfully brings into a single source, explication of all of the fascinating and ground-breaking Language and Social Interaction work developing globally and across subjects Part of The Wiley Blackwell-ICA International Encyclopedias of Communication series, published in conjunction with the International Communication Association. Online version available at www.wileyicaencyclopedia.com
