The Toxicology, Environmental Fate, and Human Risk of Herbicide Orange and Its Associated Dioxin PDF Download
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Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 262
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Book Description
The use of herbicides in South Vietnam between 1962 and 1971 was reviewed, including the nature and quantities of herbicides used, their handling and application. Emphasis was placed on Herbicide Orange, a 50:50 mixture of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T), with its associated contaminant 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). The at-risk US military population in South Vietnam was defined to establish the potential for exposure in handling and application of Herbicide Orange. The environmental fate of the phenoxy herbicides and TCDD was reviewed to evaluate the potential for human risk associated with exposure to areas previously treated with Herbicide Orange. The occupational and environmental aspects of the project to incinerate at sea 2.22 million gallons of Herbicide Orange during the summer of 1977 were summarized to assess the potential for human exposure in handling large quantities of the material. Scientific data were reviewed on incidents and episodes involving suspected poisoning of humans or animals by phenoxy herbicides or TCDD. Literature dealing with animal toxicology and the effects of human exposure to 2,4-D, 2,4,5-T and TCDD was reviewed to correlate exposures with symptomatology. (Author).
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 262
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Book Description
The use of herbicides in South Vietnam between 1962 and 1971 was reviewed, including the nature and quantities of herbicides used, their handling and application. Emphasis was placed on Herbicide Orange, a 50:50 mixture of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T), with its associated contaminant 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). The at-risk US military population in South Vietnam was defined to establish the potential for exposure in handling and application of Herbicide Orange. The environmental fate of the phenoxy herbicides and TCDD was reviewed to evaluate the potential for human risk associated with exposure to areas previously treated with Herbicide Orange. The occupational and environmental aspects of the project to incinerate at sea 2.22 million gallons of Herbicide Orange during the summer of 1977 were summarized to assess the potential for human exposure in handling large quantities of the material. Scientific data were reviewed on incidents and episodes involving suspected poisoning of humans or animals by phenoxy herbicides or TCDD. Literature dealing with animal toxicology and the effects of human exposure to 2,4-D, 2,4,5-T and TCDD was reviewed to correlate exposures with symptomatology. (Author).
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Environmental monitoring
Languages : en
Pages : 268
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Book Description
Author: Alvin Lee Young
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 0387874860
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 353
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Book Description
For almost four decades, controversy has surrounded the tactical use of herbicides in Southeast Asia by the United States military. Few environmental or occupational health issues have received the sustained international attention that has been focused on Agent Orange, the major tactical herbicide deployed in Southern Vietnam. With the opening and establishment of normal relations between the United States and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam in 1995, the time has come for a thorough re-examination of the military use of Agent Orange and other "tactical herbicides" in Southern Vietnam, and the subsequent actions that have been taking place since their use in Vietnam. The United States Department of Defense has had the major role in all military operations involving the use of tactical herbicides, including that of Agent Orange. This included the Department's purchase, shipment and tactical use of herbicides in Vietnam, its role in the disposition of Agent Orange after Vietnam, its role in conducting long-term epidemiological investigations of the men of Operation RANCH HAND, and its sponsorship of ecological and environmental fate studies. This book was commissioned by The Office of the Deputy Under Secretary of Defense (Installations and Environment) with the intent of providing documentation of the knowledge on the history, use, disposition and environmental fate of Agent Orange and its associated dioxin.
Author: Alvin L. Young
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 3031081870
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 310
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Book Description
This book tells the story of Agent Orange, its usage and the policies that surround it. Agent Orange contains a contaminant known as TCDD. It was the most widely used defoliant from 1965 – 1970 and became one of three major tactical herbicides used in Vietnam. More than 45 major health studies were conducted with Vietnam veterans from the United States, Australia, New Zealand, and Korea seeking a relationship between veterans’ health and TCDD. Allegations of birth defects in the families of Vietnam veterans and the Vietnamese represented a case study in propaganda and deliberate misinformation by the government of Vietnam. The Policies of the US Government implemented by Congress and the Department of Veterans Affairs (DVA) identified 17 recognized associated presumptive diseases that failed the tests of “cause and effect” and common sense. This book tells the story of Agent Orange, its usage, the health studies and those policies from a diverse range of perspectives, delving into science, statistics, history, policy and ethics. It is of interest to scholars engaged in history, political and social philosophy and ethics.
Author: A. L. Young
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 170
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Book Description
The uses of herbicides in South Vietnam between 1962 and 1971 was reviewed, including the nature and quantities of herbicides used, their handling and application. Emphasis was placed on herbicides orange, a 50:50 mixture of 2, 4-dichlo-phenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D) and 2, 4, 5 - trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4, 5-T), with its associated contaminant 2, 3, 7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). The at risk US military population in South Vietnam was difined to establish the potential for exposure in hadling and application of herbicide orange.
Author: Committee to Review the Health Effects in Vietnam Veterans of Exposure to Herbicides
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 9780309075299
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 791
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Book Description
Have U.S. military personnel experienced health problems from being exposed to Agent Orange, its dioxin contaminants, and other herbicides used in Vietnam? This definitive volume summarizes the strength of the evidence associating exposure during Vietnam service with cancer and other health effects and presents conclusions from an expert panel. Veterans and Agent Orange provides a historical review of the issue, examines studies of populations, in addition to Vietnam veterans, environmentally and occupationally exposed to herbicides and dioxin, and discusses problems in study methodology. The core of the book presents What is known about the toxicology of the herbicides used in greatest quantities in Vietnam. What is known about assessing exposure to herbicides and dioxin. What can be determined from the wide range of epidemiological studies conducted by different authorities. What is known about the relationship between exposure to herbicides and dioxin, and cancer, reproductive effects, neurobehavioral disorders, and other health effects. The book describes research areas of continuing concern and offers recommendations for further research on the health effects of Agent Orange exposure among Vietnam veterans. This volume will be critically important to both policymakers and physicians in the federal government, Vietnam veterans and their families, veterans organizations, researchers, and health professionals.
Author: Alvin L. Young
Publisher: Elsevier Publishing Company
ISBN:
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 364
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Book Description
Author: United States. General Accounting Office
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Agent Orange
Languages : en
Pages : 48
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Book Description
Extract: Since 1977 Vietnam veterans have been contacting the Veterans Administration about health problems which they believe were caused by exposure to herbicides in Vietnam. Problems in identifying personnel exposed to herbicides and determining the possible health consequences of such exposure have hampered VA efforts to resolve veterans' concerns. This report recommends that the Department of Defense, with the assistance and guidance of an appropriate interagency group, conduct a survey of any long-term medical effects on military personnel who were likely to have been expsoed to herbicides in South Vietnam. It also recommends several additional actions VA and DOD should take.
Author: Institute of Medicine
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309162475
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 158
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Book Description
Over 3 million U.S. military personnel were sent to Southeast Asia to fight in the Vietnam War. Since the end of the Vietnam War, veterans have reported numerous health effects. Herbicides used in Vietnam, in particular Agent Orange have been associated with a variety of cancers and other long term health problems from Parkinson's disease and type 2 diabetes to heart disease. Prior to 1997 laws safeguarded all service men and women deployed to Vietnam including members of the Blue Navy. Since then, the Department of Veteran Affairs (VA) has established that Vietnam veterans are automatically eligible for disability benefits should they develop any disease associated with Agent Orange exposure, however, veterans who served on deep sea vessels in Vietnam are not included. These "Blue Water Navy" veterans must prove they were exposed to Agent Orange before they can claim benefits. At the request of the VA, the Institute of Medicine (IOM) examined whether Blue Water Navy veterans had similar exposures to Agent Orange as other Vietnam veterans. Blue Water Navy Vietnam Veterans and Agent Orange Exposure comprehensively examines whether Vietnam veterans in the Blue Water Navy experienced exposures to herbicides and their contaminants by reviewing historical reports, relevant legislation, key personnel insights, and chemical analysis to resolve current debate on this issue.
Author: Institute of Medicine
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309308933
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 110
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Book Description
From 1972 to 1982, approximately 1,500-2,100 US Air Force Reserve personnel trained and worked on C-123 aircraft that had formerly been used to spray herbicides in Vietnam as part of Operation Ranch Hand. After becoming aware that some of the aircraft on which they had worked had previously served this purpose, some of these AF Reservists applied to the US Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) for compensatory coverage under the Agent Orange Act of 1991. The Act provides health care and disability coverage for health conditions that have been deemed presumptively service-related for herbicide exposure during the Vietnam War. The VA denied the applications on the basis that these veterans were ineligible because as non-Vietnam-era veterans or as Vietnam-era veterans without "boots on the ground" service in Vietnam, they were not covered. However, with the knowledge that some air and wipe samples taken between 1979 and 2009 from some of the C-123s used in Operation Ranch Hand showed the presence of agent orange residues, representatives of the C-123 Veterans Association began a concerted effort to reverse VA's position and obtain coverage. At the request of the VA, Post-Vietnam Dioxin Exposure in Agent Orange-Contaminated C-123 Aircraft evaluates whether or not service in these C-123s could have plausibly resulted in exposures detrimental to the health of these Air Force Reservists. The Institute of Medicine assembled an expert committee to address this question qualitatively, but in a scientific and evidence-based fashion. This report evaluates the reliability of the available information for establishing exposure and addresses and places in context whether any documented residues represent potentially harmful exposure by characterizing the amounts available and the degree to which absorption might be expected. Post-Vietnam Dioxin Exposure rejects the idea that the dioxin residues detected on interior surfaces of the C-123s were immobile and effectively inaccessible to the Reservists as a source of exposure. Accordingly, this report states with confidence that the Air Force Reservists were exposed when working in the Operation Ranch Hand C-123s and so experienced some increase in their risk of a variety of adverse responses.
