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Author: John W. Dean
Publisher: Forgotten Books
ISBN: 9781527926660
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 48
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Book Description
Excerpt from The Joule-Thomson Process in Cryogenic Refrigeration Systems The objective of this report is to present a comprehensive analysis of the joule-thomson process as applied to cryogenic refrigeration systems. The descriptions of this process already in the literature [2] are usually for specific applications. In contrast, performance characteristics are presented here for helium, para-hydrogen, and nitrogen operation over a large range of process parameters. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
Author: John W. Dean
Publisher: Forgotten Books
ISBN: 9781527926660
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 48
Get Book
Book Description
Excerpt from The Joule-Thomson Process in Cryogenic Refrigeration Systems The objective of this report is to present a comprehensive analysis of the joule-thomson process as applied to cryogenic refrigeration systems. The descriptions of this process already in the literature [2] are usually for specific applications. In contrast, performance characteristics are presented here for helium, para-hydrogen, and nitrogen operation over a large range of process parameters. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
Author: Douglas B. Mann
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Cryogenics
Languages : en
Pages : 39
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Book Description
Author: Ben-Zion Maytal
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 144198285X
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 410
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Book Description
This book is the first in English being entirely dedicated to Miniature Joule-Thomson Cryocooling. The category of Joule-Thomson (JT) cryocoolers takes us back to the roots of cryogenics, in 1895, with figures like Linde and Hampson. The "cold finger" of these cryocoolers is compact, lacks moving parts, and sustains a large heat flux extraction at a steady temperature. Potentially, they cool down unbeatably fast. For example, cooling to below 100 K (minus 173 Celsius) might be accomplished within only a few seconds by liquefying argon. A level of about 120 K can be reached almost instantly with krypton. Indeed, the species of coolant plays a central role dictating the size, the intensity and the level of cryocooling. It is the JT effect that drives these cryocoolers and reflects the deviation of the "real" gas from the ideal gas properties. The nine chapters of the book are arranged in five parts. •The Common Principle of Cyrocoolers shared across the broad variety of cryocooler types •Theoretical Aspects: the JT effect and its inversion, cooling potential of coolants, the liquefaction process, sizing of heat exchangers, level of pressurization, discharge of pressure vessels • Practical Aspects: modes of operation (fast cooldown, continuous, multi-staging, hybrid cryocoolers), pressure sources, configuration, construction and technologies, flow adjustment, MEMS, open and closed cycle, cooldown process and similarity, transient behavior • Mixed Coolant cryocooling: theory, practice and applications • Special Topics: real gas choked flow rates, gas purity, clog formation, optimal fixed orifice, modeling, cryosurgical devices, warming by the inverse JT effect The theoretical aspects may be of interest not only to those working with cryocoolers but also for others with a general interest in "real" gas thermodynamics, such as, for example, the inversion of the JT effect in its differential and integral forms, and the exceptional behavior of the quantum gases. A detailed list of references for each chapter comprises a broad literature survey. It consists of more than 1,200 relevant publications and 450 related patents. The systematically organized content, arranged under a thorough hierarchy of headings, supported by 227 figures and 41 tables, and accompanied by various chronological notes of evolution, enables readers a friendly interaction with the book. Dr. Ben-Zion Maytal is a Senior Researcher at Rafael-Advanced Defense Systems, Ltd., and an Adjunct Senior Teaching Fellow at the Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel. Prof. John M. Pfotenhauer holds a joint appointment in the Departments of Mechanical Engineering and Engineering Physics at the University of Wisconsin - Madison.
Author: Dr. Zuyu Zhao
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 1498765777
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 399
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Book Description
Introduce technologies and practical know-how employed for cryogen-free systems of using 4 K cryocoolers to replace liquid helium; Address state of the arts of cryogen-free superconducting magnets, sub-kelvin refrigeration systems of He-3 sorption cooler, adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator (ADR) and dilution refrigerators (DR). Discuss applications of cryogen-free systems in modern instruments and equipment.
Author: K. D. Timmerhaus
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1468430998
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 380
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Book Description
More than sixty years have elapsed since Linde first liquefied air on a commercial scale and prepared the way for separating of other gaseous mixtures. His work, however, was not of an isolated nature. It was conceived eighteen years after air had, for the first time, been liquefied in the laboratory by Pictet in Geneva and Caillete in Paris. Linde's liquefaction of air was followed by Dewar's work on hydrogen liquefaction in London and by the setting up at Leiden of Kamerlingh Onnes's famous low temperature laboratory. These advances in low temperature or cryogenic technology have resulted in the establishment of a completely new and thriving industry. Cryogenic engineering is concerned with developing and improving low temperature processes, techniques, and equipment; determining the physical properties of structural and related materials used in producing, maintaining, and using low temperatures; and the practical application of low temperature techniques and processes. These low tempera tures are below those usually encountered in refrigerating engineering. It is rather difficult to assign a definite temperature which serves to divide refrigerating engineering from cryogenic engineering. A temperature below _lSOoC, however, is generally associated with cryogenic engineering.
Author: Sadik Kakaç
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 9401000999
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 489
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Book Description
Refrigeration plays a prominent role in our everyday lives, and cryogenics plays a major role in medical science, space technology and the cooling of low-temperature electronics. This volume contains chapters on basic refrigeration systems, non-compression refrigeration and cooling, and topics related to global environmental issues, alternative refrigerants, optimum refrigerant selection, cost-quality optimization of refrigerants, advanced thermodynamics of reverse-cycle machines, applications in medicine, cryogenics, heat pipes, gas-solid absorption refrigeration, multisalt resorption heat pumps, cryocoolers, thermoacoustic refrigeration, cryogenic heat transfer and enhancement and other topics covering theory, design, and applications, such as pulse tube refrigeration, which is the most efficient of all cryocoolers and can be used in space missions.
Author: Klaus D. Timmerhaus
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1468487566
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 614
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Book Description
Cryogenics, a term commonly used to refer to very low temperatures, had its beginning in the latter half of the last century when man learned, for the first time, how to cool objects to a temperature lower than had ever existed na tu rally on the face of the earth. The air we breathe was first liquefied in 1883 by a Polish scientist named Olszewski. Ten years later he and a British scientist, Sir James Dewar, liquefied hydrogen. Helium, the last of the so-caBed permanent gases, was finally liquefied by the Dutch physicist Kamerlingh Onnes in 1908. Thus, by the beginning of the twentieth century the door had been opened to astrange new world of experimentation in which aB substances, except liquid helium, are solids and where the absolute temperature is only a few microdegrees away. However, the point on the temperature scale at which refrigeration in the ordinary sense of the term ends and cryogenics begins has ne ver been weB defined. Most workers in the field have chosen to restrict cryogenics to a tem perature range below -150°C (123 K). This is a reasonable dividing line since the normal boiling points of the more permanent gases, such as helium, hydrogen, neon, nitrogen, oxygen, and air, lie below this temperature, while the more common refrigerants have boiling points that are above this temperature. Cryogenic engineering is concerned with the design and development of low-temperature systems and components.
Author: Graham Walker
Publisher: Oxford University Press
ISBN: 9780198517603
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 322
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Book Description
In the early 1980s, Graham Walker wrote his classic two-volume monograph Cryocoolers. Records show that sections of this work have been referenced more often and by more authors than any other cryogenic paper published in the mid-1980s. Nevertheless, the significant time lapse in so dynamica field and Walker and Bingham's experience of teaching short courses has revealed the need for a more up-to-date book - one that is more compact, lower in cost, and embraces more topics. Low-capacity Cryogenic Refrigeration provides an elementary yet comprehensive introduction to the subject, with diverse applications in scientific, medical, educational, military, and civil systems. It is complementary to the earlier two-volume work, but covers a wider field and has a wealth ofinformation about the new developments in the last fifteen years. In addition to descriptions of all the principal methods to achieve low-capacity cryogenic refrigeration, this new volume contains a valuable guide to the literature sources and references more advanced works.
Author: Alexander Alekseev
Publisher: Wiley-VCH
ISBN: 9783527344222
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
Up-to-date overview of the method for producing the main industrial gases This book covers process design for cryogenic processes like air separation, natural gas liquefaction, and hydrogen and helium liquefaction. It offers an overview of the basics of cryogenics and information on process design for modern industrial plants. Throughout, the book helps readers visualize the theories of thermodynamics related to cryogenics in practice. A central concept in the book is the connection between the theoretical world of process design and the real limitations given by available hardware components and systems. Sample topics covered in this book include: Cryogenic gases like nitrogen, oxygen, argon, neon, hydrogen, helium and methane Thermodynamics Typical cryogenic refrigeration processes, including the classic Joule Thomson process, the contemporary mixed-gas Joule Thomson process, and expander-based processes like Brayton and Claude cycles Helium and hydrogen liquefaction and air separation The book is a comprehensive must-have resource for engineers and scientists working in academia and industry on cryogenic processes.
Author: Gadhiraju Venkatarathnam
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 0387785140
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 262
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Book Description
Most conventional cryogenic refrigerators and liquefiers operate with pure fluids, the major exception being natural gas liquefiers that use mixed refrigerant processes. The fundamental aspects of mixed refrigerant processes, though very innovative, have not received the due attention in open literature in view of commercial interests. Hundreds of patents exist on different aspects of mixed refrigerant processes. However, it is difficult to piece together the existing information to choose an appropriate process and an optimum composition or a given application. The aim of the book is to teach (a.) the need for refrigerant mixtures, (b.) the type of mixtures that can be used for different refrigeration and liquefaction applications, (c.) the different processes that can be used and (d.) the methods to be adopted for choosing the components of a mixture and their concentration for different applications.
