Author: Corey Mazo
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Exercise
Languages : en
Pages : 75
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Book Description
Exercise serves as a powerful stimulus to induce skeletal muscle adaptation. For instance, it is well understood that aerobic exercise (AE) elicits an adaptive response ultimately leading to increased fatigue resistance and capillarization, whereas resistance exercise (RE) is known to elicit an adaptive response leading to increased muscle strength and size. However, the precise molecular mechanisms mediating these unique adaptations to different forms of exercise remain to be completely resolved. The purpose of this study was to investigate the adaptive cellular response of skeletal muscle following acute AE and RE. Specifically, this study focused on two molecular processes: 1) mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway, a regulator of muscle protein synthesis, and 2) autophagy, a process through which proteins and organelles are broken down in the muscle fiber. In a counterbalanced, crossover design, six healthy, recreationally active young men (27±3 yr) completed acute AE (40 min of cycling ~70% maximal HR) and acute RE [8 sets, 10 reps, ~65% 1-repetition maximum (1RM)] separated by ~1wk. Muscle biopsies (vastus lateralis) were obtained before, at 1 and 4h post exercise and western blot analyses were used to examine the phosphorylation of mTOR signaling proteins and various markers of autophagy. Phosphorylation of mTORSer2448 increased only following RE at 4h (P
Author: Michael G. Leavitt
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Electronic dissertations
Languages : en
Pages : 53
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Book Description
Functional adaptations in human skeletal muscle following a period of resistance exercise are the result of regular activation of cellular signaling pathways that elevate muscle protein synthesis. It has been reported that the addition of whole body vibration (WBV) to a resistance exercise program enhances performance. Such improvements in muscle function may be the result of increased activation of cellular signaling pathways associated with muscle growth. Purpose: We have investigated whether an acute bout of resistance exercise in combination with WBV results in a greater activation of the mTOR signaling pathway compared to resistance exercise alone. Methods: Eight untrained college-age males (23 ± 2 yrs, 179 ± 1 cm, 75.0 ± 2.5 kg, and 12.6 ± 1.8% body fat) performed unilateral leg press exercises with (Vbx) and without (RT) vibration. Muscle samples were obtained from the vastus lateralis muscle pre-exercise (baseline) and one-hour following the bout of resistance exercise. Muscle tissue samples were analyzed for phosphorylated levels of mTOR, p70S6K, and 4E-BP1 proteins. Results: One-hour following the resistance exercise bout there were no differences between phosphorylated levels of mTOR or 4E-BP1 in Vbx or RT (p > 0.05). Levels of phosphorylated p70S6K were increased at the one-hour post-exercise time-point in both Vbx (baseline: 504 ± 286 OD; post: 5039 ± 2351 OD, p 0.05) and RT (baseline: 356 ± 131 OD; post: 5430 ± 1218 OD, p
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN: 9789187557415
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 73
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Book Description
Author: Phillip Gardiner
Publisher: Human Kinetics
ISBN: 1718215576
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 353
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Book Description
Advanced Neuromuscular Exercise Physiology, Second Edition, uses a mix of biochemistry, molecular biology, neurophysiology, and muscle physiology to provide a synthesis of knowledge and research in the field. The text is a leading resource devoted solely to the topic of nervous and neuromuscular systems, and it assists readers in identifying current directions in research and new avenues for exploration. Advanced Neuromuscular Exercise Physiology, Second Edition, offers readers a foundation of knowledge while detailing the most recent findings in the rapidly changing field of neuromuscular exercise physiology. It simplifies complex concepts with illustrations and graphs—including 20 new figures—all showcased in a new larger format to help students visualize and better understand the material. A new chapter on clinical considerations has been added, focusing on conditions that involve a compromise in the neuromuscular mechanisms necessary for movement. Other chapters have been updated with new or expanded content, including the following topics: Blood flow restriction during exercise as a training method The influence of pain on motor unit recruitment Surface EMG signals and the role that high-density surface EMG has played in motor unit recruitment research Updates on the role of the motoneuronal initial segment in the activation and adaptation of motoneurons An exploration of the “onion skin” pattern and neuromechanical matching for an explanation of motor unit recruitment The role of exerkines and small extracellular vesicles in adaptation to exercise The text covers a variety of important issues in the field, beginning with a discussion of motor unit types, muscle blood flow, and metabolic pathways in control of metabolism. Possible peripheral and central contributors to fatigue are discussed, as well as the effects of aerobic endurance training and strength training on the protein profiles of muscle fibers and on the central nervous system. Chapter objectives have been added to the text to provide a road map for the readers, and new review questions help students assess their understanding of the content. Chapter summaries recap the key issues presented for each topic. Analyses of research findings and research applications are highlighted in special sidebars. Throughout the text, practical examples help readers engage with the content. Within the dynamic field of neuromuscular exercise physiology, ideas of how nerves and muscles collaborate during acute and chronic exercise are continually evolving. Advanced Neuromuscular Exercise Physiology, Second Edition, offers an authoritative perspective of current research in the field as it seeks to encourage discussion, further study, and new research directions.
Author: Daniel T. Blake
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 150
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Book Description
Author: Moritz Schumann
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3319755471
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 408
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Book Description
This book provides an extensive guide for exercise and health professionals, students, scientists, sport coaches, athletes of various sports and those with a general interest in concurrent aerobic and strength training. Following a brief historical overview of the past decades of research on concurrent training, in section 1 the epigenetic as well as physiological and neuromuscular differences of aerobic and strength training are discussed. Thereafter, section 2 aims at providing an up-to-date analysis of existing explanations for the interference phenomenon, while in section 3 the training-methodological difficulties of combined aerobic and strength training are elucidated. In section 4 and 5, the theoretical considerations reviewed in previous sections will then be practically applied to specific populations, ranging from children and elderly to athletes of various sports. Concurrent Aerobic and Strength Training: Scientific Basics and Practical Applications is a novel book on one of the “hot topics” of exercise training. The Editors' highest priority is to make this book an easily understandable and at the same time scientifically supported guide for the daily practice.
Author: Anthony A. Duplanty
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Alcohol
Languages : en
Pages : 89
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Author: Sandra Thöny
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 44
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Author: William John Smiles
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Exercise
Languages : en
Pages : 220
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Book Description
Skeletal muscle is a dynamic tissue comprising the largest protein reservoir of the human body with a rate of turnover of ~1-2% per day. Protein turnover is regulated by the coordination of intracellular systems regulating protein synthesis and breakdown that converge in a spatiotemporal manner on lysosomal organelles responsible for integrating a variety of contractile and nutritional stimuli. One such system, autophagy, which literally means to 'self-eat,' involves capturing of cellular material for deliver to, and disintegration by, the lysosome. The autophagic 'cargo' is subsequently recycled for use in synthetic reactions and thus maintenance of protein balance. As a dynamic system, autophagy responds to intracellular perturbations to homeostasis elicited by exercise and changes in nutrient availability in an attempt to restore energy balance. However, little is known regarding how autophagy is modulated following exercise in response to changes in nutrient availability. This thesis is comprised of three independent studies in which the effects of divergent forms of exercise-nutrient interactions are investigated in relation to autophagy-mediated protein turnover processes in skeletal muscle. Study 1 assessed whether resistance-based exercise undertaken following a short-term period of dietary energy restriction activates autophagic cell signalling, and whether high-protein availability during recovery from exercise attenuates the autophagic response. This latter supposition was based on the anabolic properties of amino acids that may temporarily repress autophagy in vitro. In contrast to one of the original hypotheses, protein availability promoted the largest accumulation of proteins implicated in the induction of skeletal muscle autophagy and thus, turnover-remodelling, which is required to support the elevated synthetic demands imposed by resistance exercise contraction in a state of energy deficit. Study 2 investigated the effects of alcohol intoxication during recovery from vigorous exercise on autophagy and whether concomitant protein availability could 'rescue' alcohol-exposed muscle tissue from the toxic effects of alcohol metabolism. It was hypothesised that the largest autophagic response (e.g., the accumulation of specific autophagy-related proteins in different subcellular compartments) would be seen when alcohol with carbohydrate, but not protein, was co-ingested, thereby promoting greater rates of protein degradation. However, the results from this study showed that alcohol availability consistently attenuated the abundance of numerous autophagy-related proteins that culminated in cell death responses. Protein availability, in part, through a compensatory induction of mitochondrial biogenesis, facilitated 'sparing' of the alcohol-exposed tissue from these deleterious effects of alcohol metabolism, thus revealing the intrinsic anti-apoptotic effects of exogenous protein. While excess alcohol consumption should be avoided following sport and/or exercise training, protein co-ingestion may relieve some of the intracellular damage and facilitate recovery-adaption. Study 3 investigated the impact of acutely elevating systemic fatty acid availability and its impact on skeletal muscle protein turnover. Participants received either a lipid infusion with or without the addition of exercise, or a saline control, and following these infusions ingested a bolus amount of protein. It was hypothesised that lipid availability would attenuate markers of cellular anabolism (i.e., translation initiation) that would be ameliorated by exercise. Whereas the lipid infusion alone induced an elevated autophagic flux, combining the lipid infusion with exercise inhibited this activation of autophagy and, in response to protein ingestion, promoted the largest intracellular anabolic protein translational response. In addition, exercise performed during the lipid infusion resulted in a novel mitochondria-specific autophagic response independent of canonical routes of autophagic degradation. Therefore, the anabolic sensitivity of skeletal muscle to protein ingestion, despite high-circulating free fatty acids, was 'rescued' by strenuous exercise performed during this infusion and was associated with the disposal of mitochondrial organelles presumably damaged by lipid availability. Combining strenuous exercise with high-protein availability in the context of excess circulating lipids is a powerful stimulus for promoting muscle protein turnover-remodelling. Taken collectively, the results from this thesis demonstrate that nutrient availability alters the responsiveness of skeletal muscle protein turnover, in particular autophagy, to exercise stimuli. The optimal nutrient 'pairing' with exercise in regards to optimising muscle quality and quantity for athletes and non-athletes alike, in the context of dietary energy restriction or excess alcohol and fat availability, is the consumption of high-quality sources of protein.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN: 9789178314812
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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