The Effect of Supplementing Low Crude Protein Diets with Crystalline Amino Acids on Growth Performance and Skin Collagen Abundance of Nursery Pigs PDF Download
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Author: Kayla Silva
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Languages : en
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Low-crude protein (CP) diets supplemented with crystalline amino acids (CAA) in swine production reduces nitrogen (N) excretion into the environment, and reduces the concentration of non-essential amino acids (NEAA) and N, potentially limiting growth and important metabolic processes. Therefore, this thesis investigates whether supplementing NEAA glycine (Gly) and serine (Ser) to a low-CP diet will improve growth performance, and skin collagen abundance, and to determine if additional threonine (Thr) supplementation will spare Gly and Ser. Glycine and Ser supplemented diets had similar skin collagen abundance to CON while glutamate (Glu) diets resulted in lower collagen abundance and growth performance. Pigs fed low-CP diets supplemented with Thr had lower performance, but supplementation with 2.8 x Thr rescued collagen abundance in experiment two. Skin collagen abundance and processes beyond protein retention, have unknown implications for long-term productivity of pigs, therefore when feeding low CP diets supplementation with specific NEAA may be warranted.
Author: Kayla Silva
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ISBN:
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Languages : en
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Low-crude protein (CP) diets supplemented with crystalline amino acids (CAA) in swine production reduces nitrogen (N) excretion into the environment, and reduces the concentration of non-essential amino acids (NEAA) and N, potentially limiting growth and important metabolic processes. Therefore, this thesis investigates whether supplementing NEAA glycine (Gly) and serine (Ser) to a low-CP diet will improve growth performance, and skin collagen abundance, and to determine if additional threonine (Thr) supplementation will spare Gly and Ser. Glycine and Ser supplemented diets had similar skin collagen abundance to CON while glutamate (Glu) diets resulted in lower collagen abundance and growth performance. Pigs fed low-CP diets supplemented with Thr had lower performance, but supplementation with 2.8 x Thr rescued collagen abundance in experiment two. Skin collagen abundance and processes beyond protein retention, have unknown implications for long-term productivity of pigs, therefore when feeding low CP diets supplementation with specific NEAA may be warranted.
Author: Guilherme Hosotani
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Electronic dissertations
Languages : en
Pages : 116
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Two 35-d experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of reducing crude protein by 2.5% and diet complexity with amino acid supplementation on performance and feed cost during the nursery phase. In Exp. 1 and 2, 32 PIC barrows (initial wt. = 7.28 ± 0.44 and 6.89 ± 0.77 kg, respectively) were weaned at 21 d and allotted to one of four dietary treatments in a completely randomized design (RCD) with four replicate pens per treatment with two pigs/pen. The four diets were: 1) corn-soybean meal based diet; 2) diet 1 with inclusion of fishmeal (FM) and spray-dried plasma (SDP) in Exp. 1 or soy protein concentrate (SPC) and spray-dried blood cells (SDBC) in Exp. 2; 3) low crude-protein diet (LCP) with 2.5% reduction; 4) LCP containing FM and SDP in Exp. 1 or SPC and SDBC in Exp. 2. In order to reduce CP by 2.5%, diets were supplemented with synthetic lysine, methionine, threonine and tryptophan (Trp) in Exp. 1 and in Exp. 2, LCP diets were additionally fortified with synthetic valine (Val) and isoleucine (Ile). Blood samples were collected on d 14, 21, 28 and 35 for determining plasma urea N (PUN). Growth performance was determined weekly. Overall in Exp. 1, pigs fed corn-soybean meal based diet containing higher CP had greater ADG (P = 0.001) than pigs fed LCP diet (0.60 vs. 0.52 kg/d, respectively) and final BW (25.28 vs. 22.95 kg, respectively) (P = 0.002). Pigs fed diets containing FM and SDP had higher final BW when compared to pigs fed less complex diets (24.87 vs. 23.35 kg, respectively) (P = 0.034). These data suggest that Val and Ile become the next limiting amino acids in LCP nursery diets. In Exp. 2, there was no effect on overall ADG and final BW. However, pigs fed HCP diets had decreased ADFI (P = 0.009) when compared to pigs fed LCP diets (0.92 vs. 1.01 kg/d, respectively). Meanwhile, pigs fed diets containing SDBC and SPC had decreased ADFI (P = 0.019) compared to pigs fed noncomplex diets (0.93 vs. 1.00 kg/d, respectively). Overall in Exp. 1 and 2, pigs fed LCP diets had lower PUN concentration (P
Author: Kyle Edward Jordan
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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In 6 experiments, a total of 1,802 pigs were used to determine: 1) effects of increasing crystalline amino acids in sorghum- or corn-based diets on nursery or finishing pig growth performance; 2) effects of different Zn sources on nursery pig performance; and 3) effects of different corn oil sources on nursery pig performance. In the first set of experiments, corn or sorghum-based diets were supplemented with increasing levels of synthetic amino acids up to the 5[superscript]th limiting amino acid. For nursery pigs, there were no main or interactive effects (P>0.05) of grain source or added amino acids which suggests that balancing up to the fifth limiting amino acid is possible in both sorghum- and corn-based diets with the use of crystalline amino acids without detrimental effects on nursery pig growth performance. For finishing pigs, balancing to the 5[superscript]th limiting AA using NRC (2012) suggested amino acid ratios in corn- or sorghum-based diets resulted in decreased ADG and G:F and pigs fed corn-based diets had greater G:F and IV than those fed sorghum. The second set of studies compared two new zinc sources to a diet containing pharmacological levels of ZnO on nursery pig growth performance. These studies demonstrated that increasing Zn up to 3,000 ppm Zn increased ADG and ADFI. Lower levels of the new zinc sources did not elicit similar growth performance as the high level of ZnO. The third set of studies compared increasing levels of different sources of corn oil to diets containing soy oil. In the first study, an oil source × level interaction was observed (P
Author: Chanwit Kaewtapee
Publisher: Cuvillier Verlag
ISBN: 3736985282
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 178
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During the last decade, the concept of standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AA) has been used in diet formulation for pigs. However, there is limited data on the nutritional composition and SID of CP and AA in home-grown European soybean and rapeseed products. For full-fat soybeans (FFSB), the presence of heat-labile trypsin inhibitors may cause problems in protein digestion of pigs. Therefore, the optimization of heat treatment for FFSB is a need to reduce trypsin inhibitor activity for improving SID of CP and AA. However, excessive heat treatment may have a negative effect on protein digestion. Furthermore, reducing dietary protein levels in combination with the supplementation of Bacillus spp. may reduce feed costs and improve pigs’ gut health. As a result of the present study, home-grown European soybean and rapeseed products can be considered as a suitable alternative to imported soybean products for pigs raised in organic and conventional farming systems. Wet heating at 100°C for 16 min, together with autoclaving at 110°C from 15 to 45 min reflects optimal heat treatment for FFSB resulting in greater SID of CP and AA with lower destruction of AA. Reducing the dietary CP level is an alternative strategy to improve SID of some AA, thereby decreasing feed cost and nitrogen excretion. The supplementation of Bacillus spp. promoted gene copy numbers of Roseburia spp., which may be beneficial due to ascribed health promoting properties of this butyrate producer.
Author: Wanpuech Parnsen
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 132
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Author: Ashley Ikard Broome
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 88
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Keywords: synthetic amino acids, low protein, liquid diets, piglets.
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Category :
Languages : en
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Liquid diets provide a useful tool for producers with low birth weight pigs, as these pigs are at a disadvantage compared to larger littermates. There is limited use of milk replacers on commercial farms due to the high cost of protein sources. A way to potentially reduce the cost of liquid diets is to replace protein sources with synthetic amino acids (AA). Experiment 1 was designed to determine the amount of synthetic lysine (SL) that could replace lysine from protein and maintain performance similar to pigs fed a diet containing no SL. Pigs (1.62"0.20 kg) were randomly allotted to diets which replaced 0 to 40% of lysine from protein with SL, while maintaining similar GE and total lysine. Diets were fed on a restricted basis (n=4D iet) in order to reduce intake differences. An additional group was fed the 0% SL replacement diet ad libitum (AL, n=5) to determine intake level. Intake for restricted pigs was restricted to 80% of AL and adjusted on a daily basis. Pigs fed AL had greater (P 0.01) ADG, ADFI, G:F, water, CP, fat, and ash accretion than restricted fed pigs. Gain, G:F, water, CP, and ash accretion decreased (P
Author: José Román Moreno Salgado
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781109430301
Category : Swine
Languages : en
Pages :
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Author: Alvaro Rojo Gomez
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of corn byproducts high-protein died distillers grain (HP-DDG), and dried distillers grain with solubles (DDGS), and branched chain amino acids (BCAA) on the growth performance and meat quality of pigs. The first study evaluated the combined effect of dietary level of DDGS and HP-DDG on the growth performance of wean-finish pigs and carcass and pork quality characteristics. This study demonstrated that DDGS can be included at up to 30% in diets (without HP-DDG) without compromising growth performance of wean-to-finish pigs. However, growth performance was increasingly compromised at higher inclusion levels of both co-products and belly firmness was negatively affected by increasing levels of both DDGS and HP-DDG. A second experiment was designed to define the minimum CP level and whether non-essential amino acids become limiting in low crude protein diets for late finishing pigs. The results of this study demonstrated that late finishing pigs can be fed diets with 9.76% crude protein level supplemented with 0.32 % L-Lys HCL and other essential amino acids without affecting growth rate and that non-essential amino acids were not limiting in the low crude protein diets evaluated. A third study was designed to recreate the negative effects on growth performance of feeding diets with 30% HP-DDG inclusion level and to test if the negative effect of feeding high HP-DDG levels on growth performance can be reproduced by adding excess branched chain amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, and valine) to standard corn-soybean meal based diet. The results show that the reduction in the growth rates of growing pigs fed diets with 30% HP-DDG inclusion levels may be due to the dietary excesses of leucine present in diets with HP-DDG at 30% inclusion levels. The same effect was not present in finishing pigs. In general, growth performance and belly quality are compromised at higher inclusion levels of both HP-DDG and DDGS. The results of the last studies indicate that leucine level may play an important role on the reduction of the growth performance of pigs fed 30% HP-DDG inclusion levels.
Author: Jeremiah Eugene Nemechek
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Languages : en
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A total of 5,212 nursery pigs were used in 11 experiments to evaluate amino acids in nursery pig diets. Experiments 1 and 2 were conducted to determine whether the Lys level fed during one phase of the nursery influenced the response to Lys during subsequent phases. Experiment 1 tested a wide range of dietary Lys in 2 phases and reported that pigs fed high Lys during each period had increased growth performance; however, compensatory growth occurred for the pigs previously fed low Lys diets, resulting in no impact on overall ADG or final BW. Experiment 2 tested a narrow range of dietary Lys in 3 phases and found that marginally deficient diets can be fed in the early nursery phases without influencing final BW or the response to Lys levels in subsequent phases. Both experiments demonstrate that the low dietary Lys levels used in each can be fed in the early nursery phases with no negative impact on overall nursery growth rate provided that adequate levels are fed thereafter. Experiments 3 to 6 were conducted to determine the standardized ileal digestible (SID) Lys requirement of nursery pigs from 7- to 14-kg. Data from all experiments were combined and break-point and quadratic broken-line analysis was used to determine the estimated SID Lys requirement. The SID Lys requirement for optimal growth was at least 1.30% for ADG and 1.37% for G:F, or at least 3.86 and 4.19 g SID Lys/Mcal ME, respectively. Experiments 7 to 11 were conducted to evaluate the effect of replacing specialty protein sources with crystalline AA and AA requirements for 7- to 12-kg pigs. Experiment 7 demonstrated that crystalline AA can be used to replace fish meal in diets with no negative effects on growth performance. Experiment 8 demonstrated that L-Trp, L-Val, and a source of non-essential AA were needed in low-CP, AA-fortified nursery diets to achieve maximum growth performance, whereas the addition of L-Ile was not required. Experiment 9 indicated that feeding greater than 7.35% total Lys:CP decreased growth performance and Exp. 10 indicated that a SID Val:Lys ratio of 65% was sufficient for optimal growth of early nursery pigs. Implementing the results from the previous experiments, Exp. 11 determined that crystalline AA in nursery pigs diets can replace high amounts of fish meal, meat and bone meal, and poultry meal when balanced for minimum AA ratios and maximum Lys:CP with no negative effect on growth performance.
