The Development of Diode Laser Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy as a Plasma Diagnostic PDF Download
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Author: Robert Leslie McClain
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 494
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Author: Robert Leslie McClain
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 494
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Author: W. Y. Fan
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Author: Stefan Welzel
Publisher: Logos Verlag Berlin GmbH
ISBN: 3832523456
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 198
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Infrared laser absorption spectroscopy (IRLAS) employing both tuneable diode and quantum cascade lasers (TDLs, QCLs) has been applied with both high sensitivity and high time resolution to plasma diagnostics and trace gas measurements. TDLAS combined with a conventional White type multiple pass cell was used to detect up to 13 constituent molecular species in low pressure Ar/H2/N2/O2 and Ar/CH4/N2/O2 microwave discharges, among them the main products such as H2O, NH3, NO and CO, HCN respectively. The hydroxyl radical has been measured in the mid infrared (MIR) spectral range in-situ in both plasmas yielding number densities of between 1011 ... 1012 cm-3. Strong indications of surface dominated formation of either NH3 or N2O and NO were found in the H2-N2-O2 system. In methane containing plasmas a transition between deposition and etching conditions and generally an incomplete oxidation of the precursor were observed. The application of QCLs for IRLAS under low pressure conditions employing the most common tuning approaches has been investigated in detail. A new method of analysing absorption features quantitatively when the rapid passage effect is present is proposed. If power saturation is negligible, integrating the undisturbed half of the line profile yields accurate number densities without calibrating the system. By means of a time resolved analysis of individual chirped QCL pulses the main reasons for increased effective laser line widths could be identified. Apart from the well-known frequency down chirp non-linear absorption phenomena and bandwidth limitations of the detection system may significantly degrade the performance and accuracy of inter pulse spectrometers. The minimum analogue bandwidth of the entire system should normally not fall below 250 MHz. QCLAS using pulsed lasers has been used for highly time resolved measurements in reactive plasmas for the first time enabling a time resolution down to about 100 ns to be achieved. A temperature increase of typically less than 50 K has been established for pulsed DC discharges containing Ar/N2 and traces of NO. The main NO production and depletion reactions have been identified from a comparison of model calculations and time resolved measurements in plasma pulses of up to 100 ms. Considerable NO struction is observed after 5 ... 10 ms due to the impact of N atoms. Finally, thermoelectrically cooled pulsed and continuous wave (cw) QCLs have been employed for high finesse cavity absorption spectroscopy in the MIR. Cavity ring down spectroscopy (CRDS) has been performed with pulsed QCLs and was found to be limited by the intrinsic frequency chirp of the laser suppressing an efficient intensity build-up inside the cavity. Consequently the accuracy and advantage of an absolute internal absorption calibration is not achievable. A room temperature cw QCL was used in a complementary cavity enhanced absorption spectroscopy (CEAS) configuration which was equipped with different cavities of up to 1.3 m length. This spectrometer yielded path lengths of up to 4 km and a noise equivalent absorption down to 4 x 10-8 cm-1Hz-1/2. The corresponding molecular concentration detection limit (e.g. for CH4, N2O and C2H2 at 1303 cm-1/7.66 Aem) was generally below 1 x 1010 cm-3 for 1 s integration times and one order of magnitude less for 30 s integration times. The main limiting factor for achieving even higher sensitivity is the residual mode noise of the cavity. Employing a 0.5 m long cavity the achieved sensitivity was good enough for the selective measurement of trace atmospheric constituents at 2.2 mbar.
Author: Michael Bonitz
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 3642105920
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 451
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Book Description
Complex plasmas differ from traditional plasmas in many ways: these are low-temperature high pressure systems containing nanometer to micrometer size particles which may be highly charged and strongly interacting. The particles may be chemically reacting or be in contact with solid surfaces, and the electrons may show quantum behaviour. These interesting properties have led to many applications of complex plasmas in technology, medicine and science. Yet complex plasmas are extremely complicated, both experimentally and theoretically, and require a variety of new approaches which go beyond standard plasma physics courses. This book fills this gap presenting an introduction to theory, experiment and computer simulation in this field. Based on tutorial lectures at a very successful recent Summer Institute, the presentation is ideally suited for graduate students, plasma physicists and experienced undergraduates.
Author: Douglas Steven Baer
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 388
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Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Aeronautics
Languages : en
Pages : 994
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Author: Frank Hempel
Publisher:
ISBN: 9783832502621
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Tunable infrared diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) has been applied to investigate the chemical kinetics in reactive discharges. It was used to detect the methyl radical and nine stable molecules, CH4, CH3OH, C2H2, C2H4, C2H6, NH3, HCN, CH2O and C2N2, in H2-Ar-N2 microwave plasmas containing up to 7.2 % of methane or methanol, under both flowing and static conditions. The degree of dissociation of the hydrocarbon precursor molecules varied between 20 and 97 %. The methyl radical concentration was found to be in the range 1012 to 1013 molecules cm-3. By analysing the temporal development of molecular concentrations under static conditions it was found that HCN and NH3 are the final products of plasma chemical conversion. The fragmentation rates of methane and methanol and the respective conversion rates to methane, hydrogen cyanide and ammonia have been determined for different hydrogen to nitrogen concentration ratios. An extensive model of the chemical reactions involved in the H2-N2-Ar-CH4 plasma has been developed. Model calculations were performed by including 22 species, 145 chemical reactions and appropriate electron impact dissociation rate coefficients. The results of the model calculations showed satisfactory agreement between calculated and measured concentrations. The most likely main chemical pathways involved in these plasmas are discussed and an appropriate reaction scheme is proposed. Based on the model calculations the concentrations of non-measured species like CH2 or NH2 have been predicted.In addition, spectroscopic investigations of P- and R-branch lines of the fundamental bands of 12C14N and 13C14N in their ground electronic state have been performed at high resolution by tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy. The radicals were generated in microwave plasmas containing methane with varying proportions of N2 and H2. From a fit to the spectra the origins of the fundamental bands of the two isotopomers were determined to be 2042.42104(84) cm-1 and 2000.08470(30) cm-1. The main product detected in the plasma was HCN. It showed concentrations which are about three orders of magnitude higher than that of CN.Moreover, the time and spatial dependence of the chemical conversion of CO2 to CO were studied in a closed glow discharge reactor (p = 50 Pa, I = 2 and 30 mA) consisting of a small plasma zone and an extended stationary afterglow. Tunable infrared diode laser absorption spectroscopy has been applied to determine the absolute ground state concentrations of CO and CO2. After a certain discharge time the concentrations of both species were observed to come into equilibrium. The spatial dependence of the equilibrium CO concentration in the afterglow was found to vary by less than 10 %. The feed gas was converted to CO more predominantly between 45 % and 60 % with increasing discharge current. The formation time of the stable gas composition decreased with increasing current too. For currents higher than 10 mA the conversion rate of CO2 to CO was estimated to be 1 x 1013 molecules J-1. Based on the experimental results a model of the CO2 conversion chemistry has also been established for this type of discharge. The calculated and measured temporal developments of species concentrations showed a satisfactory agreement for various discharge currents.Lastly, infrared tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy has been used to analyse the fragmentation of TiCl4 into HCl in pulsed H2-Ar-N2 dc plasmas (p= 2 mbar). At small TiCl4 admixtures (0.04-0.31 %) HCl concentrations of 2-5 x 1014 molecules cm-3 were measured (current density: 0.6-1.15 mA cm2). A nearly complete conversion of Cl into HCl was found at TiCl4 admixtures below 0.2 %.
Author: Walter W. Duley
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1475701934
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 449
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Book Description
It has often been said that the laser is a solution searching for a problem. The rapid development of laser technology over the past dozen years has led to the availability of reliable, industrially rated laser sources with a wide variety of output characteristics. This, in turn, has resulted in new laser applications as the laser becomes a familiar processing and analytical tool. The field of materials science, in particular, has become a fertile one for new laser applications. Laser annealing, alloying, cladding, and heat treating were all but unknown 10 years ago. Today, each is a separate, dynamic field of research activity with many of the early laboratory experiments resulting in the development of new industrial processing techniques using laser technology. Ten years ago, chemical processing was in its infancy awaiting, primarily, the development of reliable tunable laser sources. Now, with tunability over the entire spectrum from the vacuum ultraviolet to the far infrared, photo chemistry is undergoing revolutionary changes with several proven and many promising commercial laser processing operations as the result. The ability of laser sources to project a probing beam of light into remote or hostile environments has led to the development of a wide variety of new analytical techniques in environmental and laboratory analysis. Many of these are reviewed in this book.
Author: United States. Energy Research and Development Administration
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Power resources
Languages : en
Pages : 1072
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Author: Jurgen Meichsner
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 1420059165
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 566
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Book Description
In addition to introducing the basics of plasma physics, Nonthermal Plasma Chemistry and Physics is a comprehensive presentation of recent developments in the rapidly growing field of nonthermal plasma chemistry. The book offers a detailed discussion of the fundamentals of plasma chemical reactions and modeling, nonthermal plasma sources, relevant diagnostic techniques, and selected applications. Elucidating interconnections and trends, the book focuses on basic principles and illustrations across a broad field of applications. Expert contributors address environmental aspects of plasma chemistry. The book also includes selected plasma conditions and specific applications in volume plasma chemistry and treatment of material surfaces such as plasma etching in microelectronics, chemical modification of polymer surfaces and deposition of functional thin films. Designed for students of plasma physics, Nonthermal Plasma Chemistry and Physics is a concise resource also for specialists in this and related fields of research.
