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Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
During the upgrading of platinum ores and the refining of concentrates, analytical information is required on ores, ore concentrates, mattes, matte-leach residues, solutions resulting from the leaching process, and the refined metals. In this field the National Institute for Metallurgy has played a prominent role and has evolved accurate procedures using gravimetric, spectrophotometric, and atomic-absorption methods for the measurement of the noble metals after they have been separated by fire-assay or wet-chemical techniques or both. However, these methods are either lengthy or do not always give adequate precision for the higher concentrations. The X-ray-fluorescence method has potential for speeding up the analysis of some of these materials and for providing greater precision, particularly in the higher-concentration ranges. For matte-leach residues accurate, rapid results are required and it is in this field that the X-ray fluorescence method is shown to be of particular value. A further field in which X-ray fluorescence could be valuable is in the analysis of matte-leach solutions which contain very small amounts of noble metals and high concentrations of base metals. No technique appears to be of direct application to these materials, but the noble metals can be adsorbed on ion-exchange resin and then rapidly determined by X-ray fluorescence techniques. Molybdenum was investigated as an internal standard for palladium, rhodium and ruthenium but was found to be unsatisfactory for the former two elements because the molybdenum Ka absorption edge at 0,620 A lies between the molybdenum Ka1 line at 0,711 A and the palladium and rhodium Ka1 lines at 0,614 and 0,587 A respectively. The background intensity measurement was, however, successfully used for matrix corrections. It was felt that the most satisfactory matrix corrections would be obtained by the use of suitable internal standards and the technique described here used cadmium and mercury. The collection of the noble metals in nickel sulphide by the fire-assay procedure and the analysis of the pressed powder permit the determination by X-ray fluorescence of most of the noble metals in flotation concentrates and nickel sulphide mattes. However, for ores, the noble-metal content is too low for this method to be successful. Although ion-exchange resins can be used to adsorb the noble metals from solutions and can then by analysed by X-ray fluorescence, the lower limit of detection for platinum and palladium adsorbed onto 1g of resin is 53 and 15 ppm respectively. X-ray fluorescence provides an accurate and precise method for the determination of the noble metals in matte-leach residues, provided the composition of the samples does not vary widely and that standards similar in composition to the samples can be prepared.
Author: Burkhard Beckhoff
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 3540367225
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 897
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Book Description
X-Ray fluorescence analysis is an established technique for non-destructive elemental materials analysis. This book gives a user-oriented practical guidance to the application of this method. The book gives a survey of the theoretical fundamentals, analytical instrumentation, software for data processing, various excitation regimes including gracing incidents and microfocus measurements, quantitative analysis, applications in routine and micro analysis, mineralogy, biology, medicine, criminal investigations, archeology, metallurgy, abrasion, microelectronics, environmental air and water analysis. This book is the bible of X-Ray fluorescence analysis. It gives the basic knowledge on this technique, information on analytical equipment and guides the reader to the various applications. It appeals to researchers, analytically active engineers and advanced students.
Author: Basil Trewinnard Eddy
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 232
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Book Description
Author: Michael Haschke
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 3527344632
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 496
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Book Description
Provides comprehensive coverage on using X-ray fluorescence for laboratory applications This book focuses on the practical aspects of X-ray fluorescence (XRF) spectroscopy and discusses the requirements for a successful sample analysis, such as sample preparation, measurement techniques and calibration, as well as the quality of the analysis results. X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy for Laboratory Applications begins with a short overview of the physical fundamentals of the generation of X-rays and their interaction with the sample material, followed by a presentation of the different methods of sample preparation in dependence on the quality of the source material and the objective of the measurement. After a short description of the different available equipment types and their respective performance, the book provides in-depth information on the choice of the optimal measurement conditions and the processing of the measurement results. It covers instrument types for XRF; acquisition and evaluation of X-Ray spectra; analytical errors; analysis of homogeneous materials, powders, and liquids; special applications of XRF; process control and automation. An important resource for the analytical chemist, providing concrete guidelines and support for everyday analyses Focuses on daily laboratory work with commercially available devices Offers a unique compilation of knowledge and best practices from equipment manufacturers and users Covers the entire work process: sample preparation, the actual measurement, data processing, assessment of uncertainty, and accuracy of the obtained results X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy for Laboratory Applications appeals to analytical chemists, analytical laboratories, materials scientists, environmental chemists, chemical engineers, biotechnologists, and pharma engineers.
Author: Reinhold Klockenkämper
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1118460278
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 554
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Book Description
Explores the uses of TXRF in micro- and trace analysis, and in surface- and near-surface-layer analysis • Pinpoints new applications of TRXF in different fields of biology, biomonitoring, material and life sciences, medicine, toxicology, forensics, art history, and archaeometry • Updated and detailed sections on sample preparation taking into account nano- and picoliter techniques • Offers helpful tips on performing analyses, including sample preparations, and spectra recording and interpretation • Includes some 700 references for further study
Author: F. T. Wybenga
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
Author: F.E. Beamish
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0323155022
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 344
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Book Description
Analysis of Noble Metals: Overview and Selected Methods describes simple techniques with useful sensitivity, accuracy, and precision for noble metal analysis. This book is composed of seven chapters that include the methods of atomic absorption, spectrochemical, spectrophotometric, gravimetric, volumetric, and potentiometric determinations of noble metals. Each chapter discusses the concept, principles, practice, and application of the specific analytical technique. A chapter examines several separation methods for noble metals, including cation exchange, mercury amalgam, reduction, silver assay beads, solvent extraction, and dissolution. This book will be of great value to analytical chemists, instrumental engineers, and researchers.
Author: Basil Trewinnard Eddy
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
Author: Rudolf Muller
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1468417975
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 328
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Book Description
In recent years the x-ray fluorescence technique has become increasingly important in modern analysis and production control; it can be classified as a spectroscopical method for the determination of the elemental com position. Many articles treat this method; however, there exists no modern textbook suitable for the beginner as well as the practician and theoretician. In this monograph the author intends to fill this need to present the prin ciples of x-ray fluorescence analysis and to develop a theoretical under standing of the technique. Both principles and theory w.ill be treated exten sively, for they are the basis for successful practical application of the method. X-ray fluorescence, on the other hand, is often carried out exclusively because of its practical usefulness. For this reason theoretical investigations are used exclusively as a basis for practical work and the multitude of applications, which constitute the value of the x-ray fluores cence method, will be explained on the basis of simple theory. The idea to write this monograph originated and developed when efforts to train coworkers required a more complete treatise. I would like to thank the elBA Aktiengesellschaft in Basel, where this work originated, for generous support and permission to publish the book. The head of the Physics Department, Dr. E. Ganz, and my colleagues have contributed to this book by providing a stimulating working atmosphere. I am grateful to my associates, in particular Messrs. E. Eng, S. Gasser, and H. R.
Author: Vivek K. Singh
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1119645581
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 692
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Book Description
X-Ray Fluorescence in Biological Sciences Discover a comprehensive exploration of X-ray fluorescence in chemical biology and the clinical and plant sciences In X-Ray Fluorescence in Biological Sciences: Principles, Instrumentation, and Applications, a team of accomplished researchers delivers extensive coverage of the application of X-ray fluorescence (XRF) in the biological sciences, including chemical biology, clinical science, and plant science. The book also explores recent advances in XRF imaging techniques in these fields. The authors focus on understanding and investigating the intercellular structures and metals in plant cells, with advanced discussions of recently developed micro-analytical methods, like energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (EDXRF), total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (TXRF), micro-proton induced X-ray emission (micro-PIXE), electron probe X-ray microanalysis (EPXMA), synchrotron-based X-ray fluorescence microscopy (SXRF, SRIXE, or micro-XRF) and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). With thorough descriptions of protocols and practical approaches, the book also includes: A thorough introduction to the historical background and fundamentals of X-ray fluorescence, as well as recent developments in X-ray fluorescence analysis Comprehensive explorations of the general properties, production, and detection of X-rays and the preparation of samples for X-ray fluorescence analysis Practical discussions of the quantification of prepared samples observed under X-ray fluorescence and the relation between precision and beam size and sample amount In-depth examinations of wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence and living materials Perfect for students and researchers studying the natural and chemical sciences, medical biology, plant physiology, agriculture, and botany, X-Ray Fluorescence in Biological Sciences: Principles, Instrumentation, and Applications will also earn a place in the libraries of researchers at biotechnology companies.
