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Author: Sabine Blaesi
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781321086942
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 68
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Book Description
The perception and understanding of human behavior is fundamental for social interaction. Mostly grounded in the theory of embodied cognition, the study of intentional action has focused on different aspects such as action planning and execution, action identity, and action prediction. Based on principles of dynamical systems theory (DST), the goal of this study is to test the method of using eye tracking to expand our knowledge of the temporal dynamics of human intention perception by investigating the time-locked sequence of eye movements during social interaction to investigate the online decision making process during an action observation task. Stimuli consist of 5 sec videos portraying reach and grasp actions, which are either intentional (pour coffee) or unintentional (coffee spills), cooperative action (serve other) or non-cooperative (serve self). In condition 1 participants are asked to determine whether an action presented is intentional, condition 2 whether the action is cooperative while collecting eye tracking data. This study hypothesized that participants' eye movements will be sensitive to the task demands, predicting that (H1) participants in the intentional group will be more likely to attend to the object interactions as compared to the cooperative condition and (H2) participants in the cooperative group will be more likely to attend to social cues between the agents as compared to the intentional condition. The results show that the intentional group was more likely to focus on the object interactions in support of hypothesis 1. Furthermore, results also showed that the cooperative group focused more on social cues in support of hypothesis 2. Therefore, the results of this study strongly support the theory that cognitive processes such as decision-making during an intentional or cooperative action are emergent and the temporal dynamics can be made visible through eye tracking. In support of the dynamical systems theory, external influences such as task demand were shown to have an effect on the viewing pattern, duration of fixations, as well as attention to target details while observing a dynamic, natural and social interaction.
Author: Sabine Blaesi
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781321086942
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 68
Get Book Here
Book Description
The perception and understanding of human behavior is fundamental for social interaction. Mostly grounded in the theory of embodied cognition, the study of intentional action has focused on different aspects such as action planning and execution, action identity, and action prediction. Based on principles of dynamical systems theory (DST), the goal of this study is to test the method of using eye tracking to expand our knowledge of the temporal dynamics of human intention perception by investigating the time-locked sequence of eye movements during social interaction to investigate the online decision making process during an action observation task. Stimuli consist of 5 sec videos portraying reach and grasp actions, which are either intentional (pour coffee) or unintentional (coffee spills), cooperative action (serve other) or non-cooperative (serve self). In condition 1 participants are asked to determine whether an action presented is intentional, condition 2 whether the action is cooperative while collecting eye tracking data. This study hypothesized that participants' eye movements will be sensitive to the task demands, predicting that (H1) participants in the intentional group will be more likely to attend to the object interactions as compared to the cooperative condition and (H2) participants in the cooperative group will be more likely to attend to social cues between the agents as compared to the intentional condition. The results show that the intentional group was more likely to focus on the object interactions in support of hypothesis 1. Furthermore, results also showed that the cooperative group focused more on social cues in support of hypothesis 2. Therefore, the results of this study strongly support the theory that cognitive processes such as decision-making during an intentional or cooperative action are emergent and the temporal dynamics can be made visible through eye tracking. In support of the dynamical systems theory, external influences such as task demand were shown to have an effect on the viewing pattern, duration of fixations, as well as attention to target details while observing a dynamic, natural and social interaction.
Author: Albert Michotte
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1315519038
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 390
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Book Description
Originally published in 1963, this is a classic work on the psychology of perception. By means of suitable patterns on a partly concealed rotating disc Michotte was able to give the impression of objects in movement; and where certain conditions of speed, position, and time-interval were satisfied, his subjects received the impression of a causal interaction between two objects – for example, the impression that one object has ‘bumped into’ another (the ‘Launching Effect’) or is carrying it along (the ‘Entraining Effect’). In a further group of experiments Michotte studies the conditions in which moving objects look as though they are alive. A large number of experiments are described, and on the basis of them Michotte formulates a theory as to the conditions in which causal impressions occur. He also compares his own views on causality with those of Hume, Maine de Biran, and Piaget.
Author: David M. Edelstein
Publisher: Cornell University Press
ISBN: 150171208X
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 262
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Book Description
How do established powers react to growing competitors? The United States currently faces a dilemma with regard to China and others over whether to embrace competition and thus substantial present-day costs or collaborate with its rivals to garner short-term gains while letting them become more powerful. This problem lends considerable urgency to the lessons to be learned from Over the Horizon. David M. Edelstein analyzes past rising powers in his search for answers that point the way forward for the United States as it strives to maintain control over its competitors. Edelstein focuses on the time horizons of political leaders and the effects of long-term uncertainty on decision-making. He notes how state leaders tend to procrastinate when dealing with long-term threats, hoping instead to profit from short-term cooperation, and are reluctant to act precipitously in an uncertain environment. To test his novel theory, Edelstein uses lessons learned from history’s great powers: late nineteenth-century Germany, the United States at the turn of the twentieth century, interwar Germany, and the Soviet Union at the origins of the Cold War. Over the Horizon demonstrates that cooperation between declining and rising powers is more common than we might think, although declining states may later regret having given upstarts time to mature into true threats.
Author: Alessandro Benedetto
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
Author: Catholijntje Maria Jonker
Publisher:
ISBN: 9789039332924
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 22
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Book Description
Author: M.D. Rutherford
Publisher: MIT Press
ISBN: 0262315033
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 423
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Book Description
An interdisciplinary exploration of perceptual and cognitive processes underlying the ability to perceive social information, drawing on current research and new experimental techniques. As we enter a room full of people, we instantly have a number of social perceptions. We have an automatic perception of others as subjective agents with their own points of view, thoughts, and goals, and we can quickly interpret minimal visual information to infer that something is animate. This book explores the perceptual and cognitive processes that allow humans to perceive and understand this social information quickly and apparently effortlessly. Top researchers in fields ranging from developmental psychology to vision science consider the perception of biological and animate motion, inferences based on this motion, and the early development of these abilities. These innovative contributions reflect a recent renewal of interest in the attribution of agency and the understanding of goal-directed behavior, which has been accompanied by a rapid increase in empirical discoveries enabled by such new experimental techniques as brain imaging. The research presented in Social Perception suggests that an intuitive understanding of others is an integral part of human psychology, develops early, relies on a network of brain regions, and may be compromised in autism. Contributors Dare Baldwin, Lara Bardi, H. Clark Barrett, Erin Cannon, You-jung Choi, Willem E. Frankenhuis, Tao Gao, Emily D. Grossman, Antonia Hamilton, Petra Hauf, Valerie A. Kuhlmeier, Jeff Loucks, Scott A. Love, Yuyan Luo, Elena Mascalzoni, Phil McAleer, Richard Ramsey, Lucia Regolin, M.D. Rutherford, Kara Sage, Brian J. Scholl, Maggie Shiffrar, Francesca Simion, Jessica Sommerville, James P. Thomas, Nikolaus Troje, Amanda Woodward
Author: Michael Waldmann
Publisher: Oxford University Press
ISBN: 0199399573
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 769
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Book Description
Causal reasoning is one of our most central cognitive competencies, enabling us to adapt to our world. Causal knowledge allows us to predict future events, or diagnose the causes of observed facts. We plan actions and solve problems using knowledge about cause-effect relations. Although causal reasoning is a component of most of our cognitive functions, it has been neglected in cognitive psychology for many decades. The Oxford Handbook of Causal Reasoning offers a state-of-the-art review of the growing field, and its contribution to the world of cognitive science. The Handbook begins with an introduction of competing theories of causal learning and reasoning. In the next section, it presents research about basic cognitive functions involved in causal cognition, such as perception, categorization, argumentation, decision-making, and induction. The following section examines research on domains that embody causal relations, including intuitive physics, legal and moral reasoning, psychopathology, language, social cognition, and the roles of space and time. The final section presents research from neighboring fields that study developmental, phylogenetic, and cultural differences in causal cognition. The chapters, each written by renowned researchers in their field, fill in the gaps of many cognitive psychology textbooks, emphasizing the crucial role of causal structures in our everyday lives. This Handbook is an essential read for students and researchers of the cognitive sciences, including cognitive, developmental, social, comparative, and cross-cultural psychology; philosophy; methodology; statistics; artificial intelligence; and machine learning.
Author: Maxime Doyon
Publisher: Oxford University Press
ISBN: 0198884249
Category : Philosophy
Languages : en
Pages : 211
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Book Description
In the philosophical literature, it is customary to think of perception as being assessable with respect to epistemic norms. E.g., the whole discussion around disjunctivism, which is now often considered to be the dominant, if not the default position in philosophy of perception, is, by and large, framed and motivated by epistemological concerns about truth and falsity. This book argues that perception is normative in another, more fundamental sense. Perception is governed by norms that Doyon calls perceptual, that is, immanent to its own structure. This does not mean that perceptual norms are cut-off from external facts; it rather means that they are constitutive moments of our experience of these facts. Perceptual norms are, in that sense, constitutive or enabling norms in that they establish what perception is. To articulate this view, he draws in the repertoire of the phenomenological tradition, in the work of Edmund Husserl and Maurice Merleau-Ponty in particular. Like Kant, both phenomenologists were concerned with the question of the unity of experience and sought to identify the conditions of possibility for having a perception, which they conceive not as a mere sensible experience of the outer world, but as a continuous and meaningful experience of reality. Unlike Kant, however, neither phenomenologist immediately identified these conditions with cognition or epistemic criteria. For both phenomenologists, perception has its own standards, its own conditions of possibility. Perception obtains when it unfolds concordantly or coherently; and when the perceptual progression corresponds to or is in harmony with one's goal or interest, perception can also be said to be optimal. From the phenomenological point of view, concordance (Einstimmigkeit) and optimality (Optimalit?t) are the two basic perceptual norms governing over perceptual experience, and much of the book is devoted to clarifying their meaning and to address the philosophical consequences that follow from this insight.
Author: György Buzsáki
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3319288024
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 181
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Book Description
This book brings together leading investigators who represent various aspects of brain dynamics with the goal of presenting state-of-the-art current progress and address future developments. The individual chapters cover several fascinating facets of contemporary neuroscience from elementary computation of neurons, mesoscopic network oscillations, internally generated assembly sequences in the service of cognition, large-scale neuronal interactions within and across systems, the impact of sleep on cognition, memory, motor-sensory integration, spatial navigation, large-scale computation and consciousness. Each of these topics require appropriate levels of analyses with sufficiently high temporal and spatial resolution of neuronal activity in both local and global networks, supplemented by models and theories to explain how different levels of brain dynamics interact with each other and how the failure of such interactions results in neurologic and mental disease. While such complex questions cannot be answered exhaustively by a dozen or so chapters, this volume offers a nice synthesis of current thinking and work-in-progress on micro-, meso- and macro- dynamics of the brain.
Author: Jean Petitot
Publisher: Stanford University Press
ISBN: 9780804736107
Category : Philosophy
Languages : en
Pages : 676
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Book Description
This ambitious work aims to shed new light on the relations between Husserlian phenomenology and the present-day efforts toward a scientific theory of cognitionwith its complex structure of disciplines, levels of explanation, and conflicting hypotheses. The books primary goal is not to present a new exegesis of Husserls writings, although it does not dismiss the importance of such interpretive and critical work. Rather, the contributors assess the extent to which the kind of phenomenological investigation Husserl initiated favors the construction of a scientific theory of cognition, particularly in contributing to specific contemporary theories either by complementing or by questioning them. What clearly emerges is that Husserlian phenomenology cannot become instrumental in developing cognitive science without undergoing a substantial transformation. Therefore, the central concern of this book is not only the progress of contemporary theories of cognition but also the reorientation of Husserlian phenomenology. Because a single volume could never encompass the numerous facets of this dual aim, the contributors focus on the issue of naturalization. This perspective is far-reaching enough to allow for the coverage of a great variety of topics, ranging from general structures of intentionality, to the nature of the founding epistemological and ontological principles of cognitive science, to analyses of temporality and perception and the mathematical modeling of their phenomenological description. This book, then, is a collective reflection on the possibility of utilizing a naturalized Husserlian phenomenology to contribute to a scientific theory of cognition that fills the explanatory gap between the phenomenological mind and brain.
