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Author: Jarmila Bohmanova
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Heat
Languages : en
Pages : 216
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Book Description
The objective of this study was to explore the genetic component of heat stress in U.S. Holsteins using national milk yield data consisting of 57 million first-parity test-day records of 6 million Holstein cows that calved from 1993 through 2004 and weather records from 202 public weather stations. Seven temperature humidity indices were compared in a humid and semi-arid climate for their ability to detect a decline of milk yield due to heat stress. The index with a higher weight on humidity was the best in the humid climate. The index with a larger weight on temperature was the best heat stress indicator in the semi-arid climate. National genetic evaluation for heat tolerance was conducted using a repeatability test-day model. Based on estimated heat tolerance PTAs, the 100 most and 100 least heat-tolerant sires were selected. For each of the 200 sires, official U.S. PTAs from February 2006 were obtained. Sires that were the most heat tolerant transmitted lower milk yields with higher fat and protein contents than did sires that were the least heat tolerant. Daughters of the most heat tolerant sires had better udder and body composition, better type, lower dairy form, slightly higher TPI, longer productive life, higher daughter pregnancy rate, were easier calving and had better persistency than did daughters of the least heat tolerant sires. Heat stress was evaluated as a factor in the genotype x environment interaction on milk production in the United States. Data for the Southeast and Northeast were extracted from the national data set and analyzed separately. Two repeatability models with and without the effect of heat stress were implemented. Both models were fitted with the national and regional data sets. Correlations between breeding values of sires with [equal to or greater than] 100 and [equal to or greater than] 300 daughters in two regions were calculated. When heat stress was ignored (first model), the correlation of regular breeding values between regions for sires with [equal to or greater than] 100 ([equal to or greater than] 300) daughters was 0.85 (0.87). Heat stress as modeled here explains only a small amount of genotype by environment interaction, partly because test day records provide only snapshots of heat stress over a hot season.
Author: Jarmila Bohmanova
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Heat
Languages : en
Pages : 216
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Book Description
The objective of this study was to explore the genetic component of heat stress in U.S. Holsteins using national milk yield data consisting of 57 million first-parity test-day records of 6 million Holstein cows that calved from 1993 through 2004 and weather records from 202 public weather stations. Seven temperature humidity indices were compared in a humid and semi-arid climate for their ability to detect a decline of milk yield due to heat stress. The index with a higher weight on humidity was the best in the humid climate. The index with a larger weight on temperature was the best heat stress indicator in the semi-arid climate. National genetic evaluation for heat tolerance was conducted using a repeatability test-day model. Based on estimated heat tolerance PTAs, the 100 most and 100 least heat-tolerant sires were selected. For each of the 200 sires, official U.S. PTAs from February 2006 were obtained. Sires that were the most heat tolerant transmitted lower milk yields with higher fat and protein contents than did sires that were the least heat tolerant. Daughters of the most heat tolerant sires had better udder and body composition, better type, lower dairy form, slightly higher TPI, longer productive life, higher daughter pregnancy rate, were easier calving and had better persistency than did daughters of the least heat tolerant sires. Heat stress was evaluated as a factor in the genotype x environment interaction on milk production in the United States. Data for the Southeast and Northeast were extracted from the national data set and analyzed separately. Two repeatability models with and without the effect of heat stress were implemented. Both models were fitted with the national and regional data sets. Correlations between breeding values of sires with [equal to or greater than] 100 and [equal to or greater than] 300 daughters in two regions were calculated. When heat stress was ignored (first model), the correlation of regular breeding values between regions for sires with [equal to or greater than] 100 ([equal to or greater than] 300) daughters was 0.85 (0.87). Heat stress as modeled here explains only a small amount of genotype by environment interaction, partly because test day records provide only snapshots of heat stress over a hot season.
Author: National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Physiological Effects of Environmental Factors on Animals
Publisher: National Academies
ISBN:
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 390
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Book Description
Bioclimatic factors and their measurement. Physiologic functions and measurement techniques. Animal characteristics in relation to environmental response. Environment and physiopathology. Design and execution of experiments using domestic animals. Development of research facilities. Research under field conditions.
Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309031818
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 169
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Book Description
Author: Paige Rockett
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
Heat stress can negatively impact the sustainability and productivity of a dairy production system even in temperate regions such as Canada. A possible mitigation strategy is to use genetic selection to improve heat tolerance. However, it is difficult to study heat stress using weather station data due to the sparsity of stations and inconsistencies within datasets. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the impact of heat stress and estimate genetic parameters for heat tolerance in Canadian Holsteins using an alternative meteorological data resource known as NASA POWER. The results showed that NASA POWER estimates were closely correlated to weather station values and revealed that heat stress negatively affects milk, protein, and fat yield in Canadian dairy cattle, there is individual variation in heat tolerance which has a low to moderate heritability, and a genotype-by-environment interaction may strongly affect milk and protein yield causing the re-ranking of top-ranked bulls in different thermal environments.
Author: John Moran
Publisher: Landlinks Press
ISBN: 064309976X
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 313
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Book Description
Tropical Dairy Farming is a manual designed for use by dairy production advisors working in tropical areas, especially in South-East Asia. It aims to increase the productivity of small holder dairy farmers in the humid tropics by improving the feeding management of their livestock. It shows how to provide dairy cows with cost-effective feeds that match small holder farming systems and discusses the major obstacles to improving feeding management in the humid tropics. The author shows the benefits and drawbacks of various feed components and the calculation of balanced diets based mainly on forages combined with some supplementary feeding. Diseases and problems associated with unbalanced diets are also covered, as well as important information on growing and conserving quality forages as silage. The book draws on examples from a variety of countries including Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam, China, East Timor and the Philippines.
Author: Veerasamy Sejian
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 3642292054
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 577
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Book Description
Given the importance of livestock to the global economy, there is a substantial need for world-class reference material on the sustainable management of livestock in diverse eco-regions. With uncertain climates involving unpredictable extreme events (e.g., heat, drought, infectious disease), environmental stresses are becoming the most crucial factors affecting livestock productivity. By systematically and comprehensively addressing all aspects of environmental stresses and livestock productivity, this volume is a useful tool for understanding the various intricacies of stress physiology. With information and case studies collected and analyzed by professionals working in diversified ecological zones, this book explores the influence of the environment on livestock production across global biomes. The challenges the livestock industry faces in maintaining the delicate balance between animal welfare and production are also highlighted.
Author: R. J. Collier
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 0813811767
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 360
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Book Description
Environmental stress is one of the most significant factors affecting livestock performance and health, and it is only expected to increase with effects of global warming. Environmental Physiology of Livestock brings together the latest research on environmental physiology, summarizing progress in the field and providing directions for future research. Recent developments in estimating heat stress loads are discussed, as well as key studies in metabolism, reproduction, and genetic expressions. Environmental Physiology of Livestock begins with a survey of current heat indexing tools, highlighting recent discoveries in animal physiology, changes in productivity levels, and new technologies available to better estimate stress response. Using this synopsis as a point of orientation, later chapters hone in on major effects of heat stress, including changing metabolic pathways and nutrient requirements, endocrine regulation of acclimation to environmental stress, and reduced reproductive performance. The text concludes with a thorough discussion of environmental effects on gene expressions, providing important insight for future breeding practices. Environmental Physiology of Livestock is a globally contributed volume and a key resource for animal science researchers, geneticists, and breeders.
Author: Patrick F. Fox
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 0387288139
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 816
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Book Description
The Advanced Dairy Chemistry series was first published in four volumes in the 1980s (under the title Developments in Dairy Chemistry) and revised in three volumes in the 1990s. The series is the leading reference on dairy chemistry, providing in-depth coverage of milk proteins, lipids, lactose, water and minor constituents. Advanced Dairy Chemistry Volume 2: Lipids, Third Edition, is unique in the literature on milk lipids, a broad field that encompasses a diverse range of topics, including synthesis of fatty acids and acylglycerols, compounds associated with the milk fat fraction, analytical aspects, behavior of lipids during processing and their effect on product characteristics, product defects arising from lipolysis and oxidation of lipids, as well as nutritional significance of milk lipids. Most topics included in the second edition are retained in the current edition, which has been updated and considerably expanded. New chapters cover the following subjects: Biosynthesis and nutritional significance of conjugated linoleic acid, which has assumed major significance during the past decade; Formation and biological significance of oxysterols; The milk fat globule membrane as a source of nutritionally and technologically significant products; Physical, chemical and enzymatic modification of milk fat; Significance of fat in dairy products: creams, cheese, ice cream, milk powders and infant formulae; Analytical methods: chromatographic, spectroscopic, ultrasound and physical methods. This authoritative work summarizes current knowledge on milk lipids and suggests areas for further work. It will be very valuable to dairy scientists, chemists and others working in dairy research or in the dairy industry.
Author: Veerasamy Sejian
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 9789811698354
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 321
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Book Description
This book describes the importance of sustainable livestock production from a food security perspective in the changing climate scenario. It covers the amelioration of climate change impacts and describes the various mitigation strategies to reduce enteric methane emissions. The book targets sustainable livestock production by covering diverse concepts of amelioration, mitigation, and policy up-gradation. Further, it examines various adverse impacts of climate change on growth, meat, milk, and reproduction in livestock. Most importantly, the book covers novel aspects of quantifying heat stress response of livestock based on non-invasive methodologies, including infrared thermal imaging, sensor-based applications, hair, urine, and fecal cortisol estimation. Particular emphasis was given to describing the skin-based novel approaches to establish climate resilience in indigenous breeds. The book provides detailed descriptions of alleviating climate change impacts on shelter management, nutritional interventions, and genetics-based strategies involving advanced genomic tools. Lastly, it highlights the livestock species which could be considered ideal climate-resilient animal models to withstand the adversities associated with climate change.
Author: Anjali Aggarwal
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 813220879X
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 200
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Book Description
Dr. Anjali Aggarwal is working as a Senior Scientist at National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal (India). She holds a PhD degree in Animal Physiology and is involved in research and teaching at post-graduate level. Her area of research work is stress and environmental physiology. She has more than 50 publications, two technical bulletins, four manuals and many book chapters to her credit. She has successfully guided many post-graduate and PhD students. Her major research accomplishments are on microclimatic modification for alleviation of heat and cold stress, mist and fan cooling systems for cows and buffaloes, and use of wallowing tank in buffaloes. Her work involves the use of technology of supplementing micronutrients during dry period and early lactation to crossbred and indigenous cows for alleviating metabolic and oxidative stress and improved health and productivity. Studies are also done in her lab on partitioning of heat loss from skin and pulmonary system of cattle and buffaloes as a result of exercise or exposure to heat stress. Dr. R.C. Upadhyay is working as Head, Dairy Cattle Physiology Division at National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal (India). He graduated in Veterinary Sciences and obtained his PhD degree in Animal Physiology. His area of recent research is climate change, stress, and environmental physiology. His major research accomplishment is on climate change impact assessment of milk production and growth in livestock. His work also involves studying methane conversion and emission factors for Indian livestock and use of IPCC methodology of methane inventory of Indian livestock. Heat shock protein-70 expression studies in cattle and buffaloes are also done in his lab. Draught animal power evaluation, fatigue assessment, work-rest cycle and work limiting factors form the highlights of his work. Studies on partitioning of heat loss from skin and pulmonary system of cattle and buffaloes and electrocardiographic studies in cattle, buffalo, sheep and goat are also undertaken in his lab. He has more than 75 research papers, four books and several book chapters to his credit. Technologies developed and research done by him include methodology of methane measurement: open and closed circuit for cattle and buffaloes; inventory of methane emission from livestock using IPCC methodology; livestock stress index: thermal stress measurement based on physiological functions; and draught power evaluation system and large animal treadmill system. He received training in Radio-nuclides in medicine at Australian School of Nuclear Technology, Lucas heights, NSW, Australia in 1985 and Use of radioisotopes in cardiovascular investigations at CSIRO, Prospect, NSW, Australia, during 1985-86. He has guided several post-graduate and PhD students. He is recipient of Hari Om Ashram Award-1990 (ICAR) for outstanding research in animal sciences.
