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Author: Abha Chhabra
Publisher: LAP Lambert Academic Publishing
ISBN: 9783846532423
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 204
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Book Description
The Carbon cycle holds center stage in many global change studies due to rising levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide and its role in influencing climate and determining food, fiber and wood supply for human use through plant productivity. Highly unusual variations in the global carbon balance over last few decades have prompted much research on the dynamics of carbon cycle. Terrestrial ecosystems play an important role in global carbon budgets. This book presents a detailed research study undertaken for improving our understanding of agroecosystem and forest carbon cycle in India. It includes a detailed assessment of past and ongoing landuse and landcover changes and their effects on agroecosystem carbon cycle in Indo-Gangetic plains and estimation of biomass, phytomass carbon and soil carbon pools, litterfall carbon flux, and long-term net carbon release in Indian forests at regional and national scales. The environmental, economic and societal importance of the carbon cycle has led to numerous research initiatives at national and international levels. This book is very useful and informative to researchers in the field of biogeochemical carbon cycle and global change studies.
Author: Abha Chhabra
Publisher: LAP Lambert Academic Publishing
ISBN: 9783846532423
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 204
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Book Description
The Carbon cycle holds center stage in many global change studies due to rising levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide and its role in influencing climate and determining food, fiber and wood supply for human use through plant productivity. Highly unusual variations in the global carbon balance over last few decades have prompted much research on the dynamics of carbon cycle. Terrestrial ecosystems play an important role in global carbon budgets. This book presents a detailed research study undertaken for improving our understanding of agroecosystem and forest carbon cycle in India. It includes a detailed assessment of past and ongoing landuse and landcover changes and their effects on agroecosystem carbon cycle in Indo-Gangetic plains and estimation of biomass, phytomass carbon and soil carbon pools, litterfall carbon flux, and long-term net carbon release in Indian forests at regional and national scales. The environmental, economic and societal importance of the carbon cycle has led to numerous research initiatives at national and international levels. This book is very useful and informative to researchers in the field of biogeochemical carbon cycle and global change studies.
Author: Gordon Bonan
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 1107043786
Category : Mathematics
Languages : en
Pages : 459
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Book Description
Provides an essential introduction to modeling terrestrial ecosystems in Earth system models for graduate students and researchers.
Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309165857
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 92
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Book Description
Human-induced climate change is an important environmental issue worldwide, as scientific studies increasingly demonstrate that human activities are changing the Earth's climate. Even if dramatic reductions in emissions were made today, some human-induced changes are likely to persist beyond the 21st century. The Kyoto Protocol calls for emissions reporting that separates out management-induced changes in greenhouse gases from those changes caused by indirect human effects (e.g., carbon dioxide fertilization, nitrogen deposition, or precipitation changes), natural effects, and past practices on forested agricultural lands. This book summarizes a September 2003 workshop where leaders from academia, government and industry came together to discuss the current state of scientific understanding on quantifying direct human-induced change in terrestrial carbon stocks and related changes in greenhouse gas emissions and distinguishing these changes from those caused by indirect and natural effects.
Author: Yiqi Luo
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 0429531303
Category : Nature
Languages : en
Pages : 602
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Book Description
Carbon moves through the atmosphere, through the oceans, onto land, and into ecosystems. This cycling has a large effect on climate – changing geographic patterns of rainfall and the frequency of extreme weather – and is altered as the use of fossil fuels adds carbon to the cycle. The dynamics of this global carbon cycling are largely predicted over broad spatial scales and long periods of time by Earth system models. This book addresses the crucial question of how to assess, evaluate, and estimate the potential impact of the additional carbon to the land carbon cycle. The contributors describe a set of new approaches to land carbon cycle modeling for better exploring ecological questions regarding changes in carbon cycling; employing data assimilation techniques for model improvement; and doing real- or near-time ecological forecasting for decision support. This book strives to balance theoretical considerations, technical details, and applications of ecosystem modeling for research, assessment, and crucial decision making. Key Features Helps readers understand, implement, and criticize land carbon cycle models Offers a new theoretical framework to understand transient dynamics of land carbon cycle Describes a suite of modeling skills – matrix approach to represent land carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus cycles; data assimilation and machine learning to improve parameterization; and workflow systems to facilitate ecological forecasting Introduces a new set of techniques, such as semi-analytic spin-up (SASU), unified diagnostic system with a 1-3-5 scheme, traceability analysis, and benchmark analysis, for model evaluation and improvement Related Titles Isabel Ferrera, ed. Climate Change and the Oceanic Carbon Cycle: Variables and Consequences (ISBN 978-1-774-63669-5) Lal, R. et al., eds. Soil Processes and the Carbon Cycle (ISBN 978-0-8493-7441-8) Windham-Myers, L., et al., eds. A Blue Carbon Primer: The State of Coastal Wetland Carbon Science, Practice and Policy (ISBN 978-0-367-89352-1)
Author: Zhi Chen
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 9789811356704
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 139
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Book Description
This book systematically illustrates the underlying mechanisms of spatial variation in ecosystem carbon fluxes. It presents the regulation of climate pattern, together with its impacts on ecosystem traits, which yields new insights into the terrestrial carbon cycle and offers a theoretic basis for large-scale carbon pattern assessment. By means of integrated analysis, the clear spatial pattern of carbon fluxes (including gross primary production, ecosystem respiration and net ecosystem production) along latitudes is clarified, from regions to the entire Northern Hemisphere. Temperature and precipitation patterns play a vital role in carbon spatial pattern formation, which strongly supports the application of the climate-driven theory to the Northern Hemisphere. With regard to the spatial pattern, the book demonstrates the covariation between production and respiration, offering new information to promote current respiration model development. Moreover, it reveals the high carbon uptake of subtropical forests across the East Asian monsoon region, which challenges the view that only mid- to high-latitude terrestrial ecosystems are principal carbon sink regions, and improves our understanding of carbon budgets and distribution.
Author: Daniel L. Warner
Publisher:
ISBN: 9780438595583
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 152
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Book Description
Forest ecosystems store massive quantities of carbon in the form of living biomass, dead wood, and soils. Additionally, large quantities of carbon are exchanged between these carbon pools and the atmosphere in the form of greenhouse gases, CO2 and CH4. Small changes in the amounts of carbon storage and exchange may have major consequences for global CO2 and CH4 dynamics. This dissertation consists of three original studies that investigate the spatiotemporal variability of CO2 and CH4 fluxes from multiple carbon pools within a temperate forested watershed in the Maryland Piedmont. Chamber techniques were employed for measuring fluxes, coupled with measurements of soil chemical and physical properties, tree species and coarse woody debris surveys, and GIS analyses. ☐ The first study focused on CO2 and CH¬4 fluxes across soils, coarse woody debris, and living tree stems within a forest plot, with the goal of identifying the relative contributions of these ecosystem components to plot scale fluxes. Soils acted as the dominant component of both CO2 and CH4 fluxes, and were the focus of subsequent chapters. This study also documented some of the first in situ observations of CH4 emissions from living tree stems and coarse woody debris in existing literature. Emissions varied with tree species and with the level of decay in coarse woody debris, suggesting potential implications of forest management strategies for ecosystem scale CO2 and CH4 exchange. ☐ The second study expanded the scope of soil CO2 and CH4 fluxes from a plot to the entire watershed, with the goal of identifying the relationships of fluxes to the biogeochemical characteristics of the soil. Sampling locations were distributed across hillslope gradients to include flat upland areas, steep transitional slopes, and valley bottom flats. Fluxes were measured across seasons for two years, along with an array of soil biogeochemical properties such as carbon content, sorption capacity, porewater chemistry, and soil structure. Although soils on transitional slopes had been documented to act as landscape hotspots of CO2 emission, this study found them to act as consistent hotspots of CH4 uptake as well. The well-drained, carbon and clay-rich soil environment supported high rates of CH4 uptake relative to other landscape positions across all seasons. ☐ The third study built upon the finding of topographic influence on spatial distributions of soil CO2 and CH4 fluxes, with the goal of developing a modeling framework for upscaling chamber measurements across complex landscapes. Digital terrain analysis and soil mapping techniques were employed to upscale point observations of fluxes to a high resolution continuous distribution across the landscape. This novel modeling approach provided reliable, transparent estimates of seasonal mean soil CO2 and CH4 fluxes across the topographically complex landscape. Unlike conventional upscaling techniques, this approach preserved the inherent spatial variability of fluxes across the watershed, which revealed shifting spatial distributions of fluxes in response to seasonal changes in temperature and precipitation. Findings suggested that steeply sloping areas may act as greater sources of CO2 but also greater sinks of CH4 under warmer future climates, while valley bottom areas may have complex responses to changing precipitation patterns. ☐ This dissertation provides novel insights into CO2 and CH4 dynamics within temperate forest ecosystems, the biogeochemical controls on these gas fluxes, and modeling techniques for making large-scale estimates of soil CO2 and CH4 fluxes in complex terrain. The findings will be of interest to climate scientists, land managers, and the biogeosciences community at large.
Author: Daniel G. Brown
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 1139619497
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 591
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Book Description
As governments and institutions work to ameliorate the effects of anthropogenic CO2 emissions on global climate, there is an increasing need to understand how land-use and land-cover change is coupled to the carbon cycle, and how land management can be used to mitigate their effects. This book brings an interdisciplinary team of fifty-eight international researchers to share their novel approaches, concepts, theories and knowledge on land use and the carbon cycle. It discusses contemporary theories and approaches combined with state-of-the-art technologies. The central theme is that land use and land management are tightly integrated with the carbon cycle and it is necessary to study these processes as a single natural-human system to improve carbon accounting and mitigate climate change. The book is an invaluable resource for advanced students, researchers, land-use planners and policy makers in natural resources, geography, forestry, agricultural science, ecology, atmospheric science and environmental economics.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
Terrestrial ecosystems are a primary component of research on global environmental change. Observational and modeling research on terrestrial ecosystems at the global scale, however, has lagged behind their counterparts for oceanic and atmospheric systems, largely because the unique challenges associated with the tremendous diversity and complexity of terrestrial ecosystems. There are 8 major types of terrestrial ecosystem: tropical rain forest, savannas, deserts, temperate grassland, deciduous forest, coniferous forest, tundra, and chaparral. The carbon cycle is an important mechanism in the coupling of terrestrial ecosystems with climate through biological fluxes of CO2. The influence of terrestrial ecosystems on atmospheric CO2 can be modeled via several means at different timescales. Important processes include plant dynamics, change in land use, as well as ecosystem biogeography. Over the past several decades, many terrestrial ecosystem models (see the 'Model developments' section) have been developed to understand the interactions between terrestrial carbon storage and CO2 concentration in the atmosphere, as well as the consequences of these interactions. Early TECMs generally adapted simple box-flow exchange models, in which photosynthetic CO2 uptake and respiratory CO2 release are simulated in an empirical manner with a small number of vegetation and soil carbon pools. Demands on kinds and amount of information required from global TECMs have grown. Recently, along with the rapid development of parallel computing, spatially explicit TECMs with detailed process based representations of carbon dynamics become attractive, because those models can readily incorporate a variety of additional ecosystem processes (such as dispersal, establishment, growth, mortality etc.) and environmental factors (such as landscape position, pest populations, disturbances, resource manipulations, etc.), and provide information to frame policy options for climate change impact analysis.
Author: Kristofer Dee Johnson
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 356
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Book Description
Forest soils contribute to a significant portion of the world's carbon flux due to both natural and anthropogenic changes. In terms of human management of carbon pools, forest soil organic matter (SOM) is important because it potentially stores carbon more permanently than living vegetation. Yet, this potential is poorly understood or managed for because of the difficulty in measuring changes in SOM pools over time and space. Modeling combined with intensive field sampling can help overcome these limitations because it extracts from empirically observed relationships to account for the components of SOM formation (topography, time, parent material, organisms and climate [fns2] ). This study utilizes intensive field data, statistical models and process-based ecosystem models to investigate the spatial distribution and dynamics of soil organic carbon dynamics in two contrasting ecosystems--the northern hardwood forest in the Green Mountains, VT and the tabonuco forest in the Luquillo Experimental Forest, PR. In both forests landscape position emerged as the dominate factor in explaining SOM distribution. In Vermont, additional variation was explained by aspect and slope and in Puerto Rico additional variation was explained by landscape factors interrelated to soil drainage. Process-based modeling proved to be a useful management and experimental tool in cases were empirical approaches were impractical for both forests. In Vermont, three ecosystem models demonstrated a substantial reduction of soil organic carbon and harvestable biomass due to the removal of woody carbon by logging after 240 years of rotations. In Puerto Rico, the Century model showed that changes in litter quality and quantity were not likely responsible in explaining landscape level SOM differences. Overall, well drained soils located in colder climates stored the highest SOM whereas poorly drained and highly disturbed soils in steep humid climates stored the lowest SOM. This research demonstrates that although SOM amounts are highly variable over many spatial and temporal scales, intuitive relationships are borne out with modeling tools and by careful investigation of the five soil forming factors. Results also raise questions about how these ecosystems and their SOM pools may change in response to changing climate conditions of the future.
Author: Mary Elizabeth Killilea
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 206
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Book Description
