Sex Differences in the Association of Adiponectin with Cardiovascular Atherosclerosis and Mortality PDF Download
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Author: Gail A. Laughlin
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Atherosclerosis
Languages : en
Pages : 320
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Book Description
The biological factors underlying the greater risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) in men than women remain unclear. Endogenous sex hormones, as well as sex-differences in fat distribution and fat-derived hormones, are potential candidates. The goal of this dissertation was to describe the cross-sectional and prospective association of the adipocytokine, adiponectin, with cardiovascular disease and mortality, and its modulation by endogenous sex hormones. Sex-specific analyses were performed using data from 1513 participants of the Rancho Bernardo Study, a population based cohort of older adults. We observed a favorable association between adiponectin and most CHD risk factors, adiponectin levels were positively related to age, alcohol intake and HDL cholesterol, and negatively associated with male sex, waist girth, body mass index, insulin resistance and triglycerides. Current literature reasons that lower adiponectin levels in men compared to women must be due to either a suppressive effect of testosterone or a stimulatory effect of estrogens. Our results are contrary to both of these hypotheses and provide credible evidence that regulation by sex hormones does not account for the sex difference in serum adiponectin in older adults. Higher testosterone and lower bioavailable estradiol were each associated with higher levels of adiponectin in both sexes, independent of age, adiposity, lifestyle, insulin resistance, or lipoproteins. Higher adiponectin levels had a protective association with prevalent CHD for both men and women, which seemed to be primarily mediated by HDL cholesterol and triglycerides. In prospective analyses, higher adiponectin concentrations predicted reduced risk of non-fatal myocardial infarction over the following 20 years in men, but not women. Adiponectin was not associated with 20 year CHD mortality in either sex, and adiponectin levels above the 80th percentile for this population were associated with increased risk of cardiovascular death and of death from all causes. We found no evidence that endogenous sex hormones modulated the link between adiponectin and CHD risk. We conclude that neither adiponectin, nor its interaction with endogenous sex hormones, is likely to provide a foundation for reconciling sex differences in CHD.
Author: Gail A. Laughlin
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Atherosclerosis
Languages : en
Pages : 320
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Book Description
The biological factors underlying the greater risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) in men than women remain unclear. Endogenous sex hormones, as well as sex-differences in fat distribution and fat-derived hormones, are potential candidates. The goal of this dissertation was to describe the cross-sectional and prospective association of the adipocytokine, adiponectin, with cardiovascular disease and mortality, and its modulation by endogenous sex hormones. Sex-specific analyses were performed using data from 1513 participants of the Rancho Bernardo Study, a population based cohort of older adults. We observed a favorable association between adiponectin and most CHD risk factors, adiponectin levels were positively related to age, alcohol intake and HDL cholesterol, and negatively associated with male sex, waist girth, body mass index, insulin resistance and triglycerides. Current literature reasons that lower adiponectin levels in men compared to women must be due to either a suppressive effect of testosterone or a stimulatory effect of estrogens. Our results are contrary to both of these hypotheses and provide credible evidence that regulation by sex hormones does not account for the sex difference in serum adiponectin in older adults. Higher testosterone and lower bioavailable estradiol were each associated with higher levels of adiponectin in both sexes, independent of age, adiposity, lifestyle, insulin resistance, or lipoproteins. Higher adiponectin levels had a protective association with prevalent CHD for both men and women, which seemed to be primarily mediated by HDL cholesterol and triglycerides. In prospective analyses, higher adiponectin concentrations predicted reduced risk of non-fatal myocardial infarction over the following 20 years in men, but not women. Adiponectin was not associated with 20 year CHD mortality in either sex, and adiponectin levels above the 80th percentile for this population were associated with increased risk of cardiovascular death and of death from all causes. We found no evidence that endogenous sex hormones modulated the link between adiponectin and CHD risk. We conclude that neither adiponectin, nor its interaction with endogenous sex hormones, is likely to provide a foundation for reconciling sex differences in CHD.
Author: Liam Ward
Publisher: Linköping University Electronic Press
ISBN: 9176850978
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 81
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Book Description
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death globally, with atherosclerosis being the main cause of cardiovascular diseases. Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease of the blood vessel wall, which over time will cause thickening and hardening of the vessel wall. Atherosclerosis can result in catastrophic vascular events, such as myocardial infarction and stroke. There are distinct sex differences in CVD mortality at different ages, before menopause women have a lower mortality of CVD in comparison to men, which equalises after menopause. In addition to sex differences in the incidence of CVD, there are also distinct sex differences in the phenotype of atherosclerotic plaques, with men generally developing more severe and vulnerable plaques that are at risk of rupture. This thesis aimed to investigate the sex differences in atherosclerosis, in particular how the proteome and pathophysiology differs. In addition, we sought to investigate the potential benefit of an exercise programme, in reducing CVD risks, using a randomised controlled trial including postmenopausal women. Sex differences in atherosclerosis were first investigated via proteomic analysis of human carotid endarterectomy samples. Initially, five intraplaque biopsies were taken from distinct atheroma regions, including; internal control, fatty streak, plaque shoulder, plaque centre, and fibrous cap. Protein extracts from these biopsies were subjected to analysis by mass spectrometry. The novel sampling method was successful in reducing the effect of plaque heterogeneity, a limitation in previous proteomic studies of atherosclerosis, and a number of previously unreported proteins were identified in human carotid atheroma. In addition to this, with the inclusion of multivariate statistical modelling, it was found that 43 proteins significantly discriminated the carotid atheroma between men and women. These proteins were grouped by function, and it was found that atheroma from men was associated with the increased abundance of inflammatory response proteins, including phospholipase-A2 membrane associated and lysozyme C, and atheroma from women was associated with increased abundance of blood coagulation, complement activation, and transport proteins, notably including; antithrombin-III, coagulation factor XII, and afamin. In addition, differences were also ii observed in the abundance of iron metabolism related proteins. These sex differences were further expanded upon from a pathophysiological perspective. Immunohistochemistry stainings of ferritin and transferrin receptor 1 were found significantly increased in the atheroma from men. Moreover, the levels of plasma haemoglobin were also significantly increased in men and were associated with the development of more vulnerable and severe plaque types. The more vulnerable and severe plaque types were also associated with significantly greater macrophage infiltration. In summary, these results are indicative of men developing atheroma with greater inflammation that are more vulnerable, due to increased iron and inflammatory proteins and macrophage infiltration, whereas atheroma from women develop with less inflammation and a more stable phenotype. The randomised controlled clinical trial aimed at investigating the effects of resistance training (RT), over a 15-week period, in postmenopausal women. Plasma samples were obtained at week-0 and week-15 of the study period, and analyses were performed primarily using a series of immunoassays. Results showed that women participating in RT, with good compliance, were associated with significant decreases in plasma levels of ferritin, lipids, and inflammatory adipokines. These results suggest that the use of regular RT may be a beneficial intervention in reducing the levels of body iron, lipids, and inflammation, all of which are risk factors for the development of CVD. However, validation studies are required in a larger cohort of postmenopausal women, in addition to the inclusion or complementary studies in middle-aged men. In summary, the works included in this thesis further expand on the current knowledge of sex differences in atherosclerosis, and also provides information on the potential of an exercise intervention to beneficially reduces the effects of known risk factors of CVD.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Hospital utilization
Languages : en
Pages : 24
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Book Description
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Dissertations, Academic
Languages : en
Pages : 790
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Book Description
Author: Franck Mauvais-Jarvis
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3319701789
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 630
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Book Description
The book provides a reference for years to come, written by world-renowned expert investigators studying sex differences, the role of sex hormones, the systems biology of sex, and the genetic contribution of sex chromosomes to metabolic homeostasis and diseases. In this volume, leaders of the pharmaceutical industry present their views on sex-specific drug discovery. Many of the authors presented at the Keystone Symposium on “Sex and gender factors affecting metabolic homeostasis, diabetes and obesity” to be held in March 2017 in Lake Tahoe, CA. This book will generate new knowledge and ideas on the importance of gender biology and medicine from a molecular standpoint to the population level and to provide the methods to study them. It is intended to be a catalyst leading to gender-specific treatments of metabolic diseases. There are fundamental aspects of metabolic homeostasis that are regulated differently in males and females, and influence both the development of diabetes and obesity and the response to pharmacological intervention. Still, most preclinical researchers avoid studying female rodents due to the added complexity of research plans. The consequence is a generation of data that risks being relevant to only half of the population. This is a timely moment to publish a book on sex differences in diseases as NIH leadership has asked scientists to consider sex as a biological variable in preclinical research, to ensure that women get the same benefit of medical research as men.
Author: Gianluca Iacobellis
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 3030405702
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 191
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Book Description
This book is the first authoritative and comprehensive volume dedicated to epicardial adipose tissue (EAT). It provides an up-to-date and highly illustrated synopsis of the anatomical, biomolecular, genetic, imaging features, and clinical applications of EAT and its role in cardiovascular disease. It relays to the reader a contemporary view of the emerging interplay between the heart and adiposity-related diseases. In addition, this volume discusses the clinical implications and therapeutic targets of EAT in atrial fibrillation, heart failure and coronary artery disease. Comprehensive yet focused, Epicardial Adipose Tissue: From Cell to Clinic is an essential resource for physicians, residents, fellows, and medical students in cardiology, endocrinology, primary care, and health promotion and disease prevention.
Author: Hanna Z. Mieszczanska
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1447155173
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 470
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Book Description
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in women in the US, with more women dying from heart disease than men. Women may have different presentation from men and often need a different approach to diagnosis and treatment. There are also unique topics of management of heart disease in women, including issues during pregnancy, lactation, and menopause. Many different health care providers, as well as cardiologists are involved in treating these patients. A manual reviewing diagnosis and treatment of cardiac disease in women would help providers without specific cardiology training to deliver care with greater efficiency. A practical and comprehensive guide geared towards these providers would be a highly practical and valuable resource that would be utilized in everyday practice in offices that include urban clinics, general medicine offices, obstetrics and gynecology offices, as well as in the surgical subspecialties. This book will be a highly practical resource that can be directly applied to the issues that arise in everyday practice. There is no available book on the market that focuses on a broader approach to cardiac disease in women or focuses on non-cardiology providers (and their trainees) who have the need to know more about treatment of cardiovascular disease in women.
Author: Vera Regitz-Zagrosek
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 3642307264
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 599
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Book Description
This is the very first book to deal with sex and gender differences in drug therapy - an increasingly recognized medical need. It starts with an overview on S/G in clinical syndromes and a documentation of the medical and socioeconomic damage caused by gender specific adverse drug effects. Part I covers S/G differences in pharmacokinetics. Researchers will be satisfied by the detailed discussion of the mechanisms of S/G differences in drug effects that represents cutting edge science and includes interaction of drugs with sex hormones, genomic and epigenetic mechanisms. It also covers S/G in drug development, in animal models and clinical development and S/G in drug prescriptions. Part II targets S/G differences in drug effects in cardiovascular, pulmonary, CNS, neuromuscular, neuropsychiatric and metabolic diseases, in cancer, inflammation, and rheumatic diseases, in bacterial and retroviral infections, thrombosis, embolism. New drugs will be discussed.
Author: Hani Almoallim
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 9811583234
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 562
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Book Description
This Open Access book presents practical approaches to managing patients affected by various rheumatological diseases, allowing readers to gain a better understanding of the various clinical expressions and problems experienced by these patients. Discussing rheumatology from an organ systems perspective, it highlights the importance ofdetailed musculoskeletal examinations when treating patients affected by rheumatological diseases. The book first explores the latest diagnostic approaches and offers key tips for accurate musculoskeletal examinations before addressing the various treatment modalities, with a particular focus on the most common joints involved in rheumatoid arthritis: the wrists and the metacarpophalangeal joints (2nd and 3rd). Featuring easy-to-understand flow diagrams and explaining the common medical problems associated with rheumatic disease, such as shortness of breath and anemia, it is not only a valuable resource to rheumatologists, but will also appeal to medical students, junior residents, and primary healthcare physicians.
Author: Jawahar L. Mehta
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3319711350
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 360
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Book Description
This book reviews all aspects of the diagnosis and management of heart disease in women, covering areas such as gender differences in metabolic syndrome, hypertension and atherogenesis. Gender differences in cardiovascular diseases are widespread, but while gender medicine takes into account the effects of sex and gender on the health of women and men, traditionally, women have been underrepresented in cardiovascular clinical trials, in management of different cardiac diseases and drug use. Gender Differences in the Pathogenesis and Management of Heart Disease deals with the gender-specific differences in cardiac physiology and diseases and brings into perspective the critical significance of gender in management of cardiovascular disease presentations and management. As such it is of enormous use to all clinical staff who manage women with cardiovascular disease.
