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Author: National Research Council (U.S.). Assembly of Engineering
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 80
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Book Description
Author: National Research Council (U.S.). Assembly of Engineering
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 80
Get Book Here
Book Description
Author: National Research Council (U.S.). Panel on Sea Ice Mechanics
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Ice mechanics
Languages : en
Pages : 96
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Book Description
Panel appointed in 1979 to investigate available information and research needs in field of sea ice mechanics, referring especially to engineering activities in and under ice of polar oceans.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
The Sea Ice Mechanics and Arctic Workshop was held in Anchorage, Alaska, April 25-28, 1995. The workshop focused on current state of the practice and future research needs relative to offshore oil and gas facilities, and also reviewed the results of the U.S. Navy's Office of Naval Research (ONR) Sea Ice Mechanics Initiative (SIMI). SIMI was an Office of Naval Research Accelerated Research Initiative (ARI), spanning the years 1991 to 1996. Its goals were to: understand sea ice constitutive laws and fracture mechanics over the full range of geophysical scales; and determine the scaled response to applied external forces and develop physically based constitutive and fracture models.
Author: Jerome Weiss
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 940076202X
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 95
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Book Description
Sea ice is a major component of polar environments, especially in the Arctic where it covers the entire Arctic Ocean throughout most of the year. However, in the context of climate change, the Arctic sea ice cover has been declining significantly over the last decades, either in terms of its concentration or thickness. The sea ice cover evolution and climate change are strongly coupled through the albedo positive feedback, thus possibly explaining the Arctic amplification of climate warming. In addition to thermodynamics, sea ice kinematics (drift, deformation) appears as an essential factor in the evolution of the ice cover through a reduction of the average ice age (and consequently of the cover's thickness), or ice export out of the Arctic. This is a first motivation for a better understanding of the kinematical and mechanical processes of sea ice. A more upstream, theoretical motivation is a better understanding of the brittle deformation of geophysical objects across a wide range of scales. Indeed, owing to its very strong kinematics, compared e.g. to the Earth’s crust, an unrivaled kinematical data set is available for sea ice from in situ (e.g. drifting buoys) or satellite observations. Here, we review the recent advances in the understanding of sea ice drift, deformation and fracturing obtained from these data. We focus particularly on the scaling properties in time and scale that characterize these processes, and we emphasize the analogies that can be drawn from the deformation of the Earth’s crust. These scaling properties, which are the signature of long-range elastic interactions within the cover, constrain future developments in the modeling of sea ice mechanics. We also show that kinematical and rheological variables such as average velocity, average strain-rate or strength have significantly changed over the last decades, accompanying and actually accelerating the Arctic sea ice decline.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 51
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Book Description
The architecture for a new large scale (5 to 100 km, 1 hour to 1 day) sea ice dynamics model based on an anisotropic constitutive law is presented here. This architecture accounts directly for refrozen lead systems in the pack ice strength (with an anisotropic failure surface) and in the ice thickness distribution (with an oriented thickness distribution). The lower limit (5 km) of the model resolution is controlled by the fracture spacing of old, thicker ice and the maximum lead width. The upper limit of the model resolution (100 km) is controlled by curvature in the lead directions and variations in the lead width. These in turn are controlled by the variations in internal ice stress due to driving forces (winds and currents), which set the time resolution. This architecture features abrupt changes in the failure surface and the associated flow rule that cannot be averaged over a time step. In addition, the principal stress normal to a new lead must be zero as it opens. This model has sub-scale simulations that allow for the inclusion of phenomena such as ridging, rafting, buckling, and fracture on the behavior of the ice. With this new ice constitutive law, it is possible to directly test the ice failure strength, plastic flow rule, and ice thickness distribution. The data most useful for this testing come from ice stress and position buoys together with SAR deformation data. Some data comparisons have already been made.
Author: Hajo Eicken
Publisher: University of Alaska Press
ISBN: 1602231079
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 590
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Book Description
As much as one-tenth of the world’s oceans are covered with sea ice, or frozen ocean water, at some point during the annual cycle. Sea ice thus plays an important, often defining, role in the natural environment and the global climate system. This book is a global look at the changes in sea ice and the tools and techniques used to measure and record those changes. The first comprehensive research done on sea-ice field techniques, this volume will be indispensable for the study of northern sea ice and a must-have for scientists in the field of climate change research.
Author: Jukka Tuhkuri
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 3030804399
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 333
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Book Description
This book presents the results of the IUTAM Symposium on Physics and Mechanics of Sea Ice which brought together researchers who have made significant contributions in the study of sea ice. The topics include: Fracture of ice, Thermodynamics of sea ice ridges, Global and local ice loads on ships and marine structures, Computational ice engineering and ice mechanics; and Physical and engineering problems related to ice and waves.
Author: Matti Leppäranta
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 3540269703
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 282
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Book Description
This book presents the fundamental laws of sea ice drift, as derived from the material properties of sea ice, the basic laws of mechanics, and the latest modeling techniques. Topics covered include the science of sea ice drift, forecasting velocity based on volume, size and shape, sea ice ridging and remote sensing, modelling of ice conditions, and the role of sea ice drift in oceanography, marine ecology and engineering.
Author: NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL WASHINGTON DC MARINE BOARD.
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 89
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Book Description
This report identifies gaps in knowledge and understanding of the physical and engineering properties of natural and man-made ice. The panel offers recommendations for scientific and engineering research to provide data for the design of offshore and shoreline structures, as well as for the design of marine transportation systems for operations in ice-covered regions. While a leading motivation for increasing knowledge of sea ice mechanics is Alaskan offshore oil and gas development, research results may be applied to any offshore site or area affected by ice. The interaction of the ice cover with fixed and moving structures was identified by the panel as an important subject for research. Important ice types include sheet ice, ridges, rubble, fragmented covers, frazil ice and brash ice. Additional field observations, analytical studies, and laboratory model studies are needed to better understand the formation, mechanical behavior, and interaction of ice aggregates with engineering structures. The panel recommends that laboratory tests be conducted to obtain mechanical characteristics of sea ice with appropriate internal states. Experiments should be conducted to determine the large-scale mechanical characteristics of natural sea ice cover of known internal state, and theories should be developed to provide satisfactory properties essential for engineering design.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 58
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Book Description
During last year, the Northwest Research Associates Arctic team completed the Spring SIMI field program in the Beaufort Sea. We have subsequently conducted data analysis and written papers on that data. In addition, we organized the Ice Mechanics and Arctic Modeling Workshop to be held in Anchorage, AK, April 25-28, 1995, which will report on the research findings of SIMI and will also address future research needs. During this year, we presented a paper on Sea Ice Mechanics Initiative (SIMI) at the Offshore Technology Conference in Houston, TX, in May 1994. The presentation was an attempt to foster communication between the Arctic research being done at the Office of Naval Research and the Arctic offshore-work of the oil industry. The findings of our SIMI field work are reported in our paper entitled Sea Ice Mechanics Research, which appears in Volume I of the Sea Ice Mechanics and Arctic Modeling Workshop proceedings. We have written a paper entitled Forced-Displacement Measurements of a First-year Pressure Ridge and Keel to be presented at Sea Ice Mechanics '95 Symposium as part of the ASME Joint Applied Mechanics and Materials summer meeting at UCLA in June 1995. The results from this data analysis show that the strength of partially consolidated ridges changes in a period of two weeks from an active component in sea ice dynamics to an inactive component, because of its strength. We participated in the preparation of a second paper for the Ice Mechanics '95 Symposium with Dr. R.S. Pritchard of IceCasting and with Drs. D.M. Farmer and Y. Xie of Institute of Ocean Sciences.
