Salinity Stress Alters Plant-insect Interactions PDF Download
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Author: Lisa Marie Schile
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Plants
Languages : en
Pages : 76
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Book Description
Author: Lisa Marie Schile
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Plants
Languages : en
Pages : 76
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Book Description
Author: Parvaiz Ahmad
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1461461081
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 518
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Book Description
Environmental conditions and changes, irrespective of source, cause a variety of stresses, one of the most prevalent of which is salt stress. Excess amount of salt in the soil adversely affects plant growth and development, and impairs production. Nearly 20% of the world’s cultivated area and nearly half of the world’s irrigated lands are affected by salinity. Processes such as seed germination, seedling growth and vigour, vegetative growth, flowering and fruit set are adversely affected by high salt concentration, ultimately causing diminished economic yield and also quality of produce. Most plants cannot tolerate salt-stress. High salt concentrations decrease the osmotic potential of soil solution, creating a water stress in plants and severe ion toxicity. The interactions of salts with mineral nutrition may result in nutrient imbalances and deficiencies. The consequence of all these can ultimately lead to plant death as a result of growth arrest and molecular damage. To achieve salt-tolerance, the foremost task is either to prevent or alleviate the damage, or to re-establish homeostatic conditions in the new stressful environment. Barring a few exceptions, the conventional breeding techniques have been unsuccessful in transferring the salt-tolerance trait to the target species. A host of genes encoding different structural and regulatory proteins have been used over the past 5–6 years for the development of a range of abiotic stress-tolerant plants. It has been shown that using regulatory genes is a more effective approach for developing stress-tolerant plants. Thus, understanding the molecular basis will be helpful in developing selection strategies for improving salinity tolerance. This book will shed light on the effect of salt stress on plants development, proteomics, genomics, genetic engineering, and plant adaptations, among other topics. The book will cover around 25 chapters with contributors from all over the world.
Author: Richard Karban
Publisher: University of Chicago Press
ISBN: 0226424979
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 332
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Book Description
Plants face a daunting array of creatures that eat them, bore into them, and otherwise use virtually every plant part for food, shelter, or both. But although plants cannot flee from their attackers, they are far from defenseless. In addition to adaptations like thorns, which may be produced in response to attack, plants actively alter their chemistry and physiology in response to damage. For instance, young potato plant leaves being eaten by potato beetles respond by producing chemicals that inhibit beetle digestive enzymes. Over the past fifteen years, research on these induced responses to herbivory has flourished, and here Richard Karban and Ian T. Baldwin present the first comprehensive evaluation and synthesis of this rapidly developing field. They provide state-of-the-discipline reviews and highlight areas where new research will be most productive. Their comprehensive overview will be welcomed by a wide variety of theoretical and applied researchers in ecology, evolutionary biology, plant biology, entomology, and agriculture.
Author: Po An Lin
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
Drought and herbivory are two stresses that threaten productivity and survival of plants. While plant responses to either drought or herbivory are well studied, the responses of plants to concurrent drought and herbivory are unclear. This dissertation investigates the impact of water availability on plant-insect interactions using chemical ecology, plant physiology, molecular biology, and ecology approaches. We discovered that drought stress enhances plant resistance against insect herbivores and reduces plant tolerance against defoliation. In addition to its negative impact on plant tolerance, drought stress also reduces the number of insect natural enemies and other arthropods on plants. The reduction in arthropod number was found to benefit certain insect herbivores by reducing negative species interactions such as competition and predation. We hypothesized that the reduction in arthropod number on drought-stressed plants are partly associated with changes in plant volatile emission and found that the detrimental effects of drought on natural enemy attraction was associated with changes in herbivore-induced plant volatile (HIPV) emissions. Using current knowledge on ecology of drought-plant-insect interactions, we discussed the implications of water availability on plant anti-herbivore defenses and the integration of water and pest management in crop production around the world. Furthermore, we discover the ability of insect herbivores to induce drought-like response for their own benefit. We identify a hydrogen peroxide-producing salivary protein (glucose oxidase, GOX) in caterpillar Helicoverpa zea that triggers stomatal closure in plants. Stomatal closures were further linked to inhibition of important defense related HIPVs, such as (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate and (Z)-3-hexenol, which is similar to HIPV changes caused by drought. The findings discover an herbivore adaptation that utilize drought-like responses of plants for their own benefits and show the links between stomatal behavior and HIPV emission. This is the first study that utilizes CRISPR-Cas9 mutagenesis to study salivary protein function of insect herbivores and showed that organisms other than microbes can modulate behavior of stomata. As changes in water availability and pest continue to threaten plants in both natural and agricultural systems under climate changes, this dissertation contributes to a better understanding of the impacts of drought stress on plant-insect interactions from molecular, organismal, to populational levels. Additionally, we highlight the ability of insect herbivores to induce drought-like responses of plants, such as stomatal closure, for their own benefit, which is a novel strategy that have not been reported to date. We further demonstrate that stomata are important parts of plant responses to herbivores, in addition to its roles in responses to abiotic stresses and pathogen attack. However, significant knowledge gap exists in stomatal functions in plant-insect interactions, we are certain that the findings in this dissertation will incite further research and lead to a better understanding of stomatal functions in plant responses to their environment.
Author: International Rice Research Institute
Publisher: Int. Rice Res. Inst.
ISBN: 9711040220
Category : Delphacidae
Languages : en
Pages : 377
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Author: E. A. Heinrichs
Publisher: Wiley-Interscience
ISBN:
Category : Nature
Languages : en
Pages : 524
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Book Description
Global food production and plant stress; Plant-mediated effects of soil mineral stresses on insects; Host plant suitability in relation to water stress; Influence of temperature-induced stress on host plant suitability to insects; Effects of electromagnetic radiation on insect-plant interactions; Plant stress from arthropods: insecticide and acaricide effects on insect, mite, and host plant biology; The effects of plant growth regulators and herbicides on host plant quality to insects; Insect populations on host plants subjected to air pollution; Effects of mechanical damage to plants on insect populations; Sensitivity of insect-damaged plants to environmental stresses; Plant-induced stressesas factors in natural enemy efficacy; Quality of diseased plants as hosts for insects; The dynamics of insect populations in crop systems subject to weed interference.
Author: Gero Benckiser
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
ISBN: 2889458199
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 531
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Book Description
Nature’s high biomass productivity is based on biological N2 fixation (BNF) and biodiversity (Benckiser, 1997; Benckiser and Schnell, 2007). Although N2 makes up almost 80% of the atmosphere’s volume living organisms need it in only small quantities, presumably due to the paucity of natural ways of transforming this recalcitrant dinitrogen into reactive compounds. N shortage is commonly the most important limiting factor in crop production. The synthesis of ammonium from nitrogen and hydrogen, the Haber–Bosch (H-B) process, invented more than 100 years ago, became the holy grail of synthetic inorganic chemistry and removed the most ubiquitous limit on crop yields. H-B opened the way for the development and adoption of high-yielding cultivars, for monoculturing by organic and precision farming. With N over fertilization and pesticide application monoculturing farmers could approach Nature’s high biomass productivity by causing side effects the scientific world is investigating. This eBook presents the complexity the scientific world is facing in in understanding the soil-microbe-plant-animal cooperation, the millions of taxonomically, phylogenetically, and metabolically diverse above-below-ground species, involved in shaping the ever-changing biogeochemical process patterns being of great significance for food production networks and yield stability. Because ecosystem management and agricultural praxis are still largely conducted in isolation, the aim of this Frontiers’ eBook is to gather and interconnect plant-microbe-insect interaction research of various disciplines, studied with a broad spectrum of modern physical-chemical, biochemical, and molecular biological, agronomical techniques. The goal of this Research Topic was to gain a better understanding of microbe-plant-insect compositions, functioning, interactions, health, fitness, and productivity.
Author: Robert Denno
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0323142877
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 735
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Book Description
Variable Plants and Herbivores in Natural and Managed Systems examines individual, population, species, and community responses of herbivores to plant variation, with emphasis on insects, fungi, bacteria, and viruses. It is divided into five parts encompassing 18 chapters that discuss variability as a mechanism of defense used by plants against their parasites and the effects of variability on herbivores at several different levels of complexity. After a brief discussion on plant-herbivore interactions, the first part of this book considers sources of within-plant variation and effects on the distribution and abundance of herbivores. Part II examines interplant variation, the co-evolutionary problems it poses for herbivores, and the ecological and evolutionary responses of these animals. It discusses the effects of host-plant variability on the fitness of sedentary herbivorous insects. Part III discusses the role of host variability in the evolution of feeding specialization, genetic differentiation, and race formation. The importance of host variation to the organization of herbivore communities and the manipulation of host-plant variability for the management of herbivore pest populations are presented in the remaining parts. This book will be helpful to agriculturists, silviculturists, biologists, and researchers who wish to expand their knowledge in dynamics of plant-herbivore relationships.
Author: David M. Orcutt
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 9780471170082
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 702
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Book Description
This second of a two-part treatise describes the phenomena of plants under stress, describing the relationship between plant structure, development, and growth and such environmental stresses as too much or too little water, light, heat, or cold.
Author: Sulav Paudel
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
Predicting the impact of climate change is one of the leading challenges of current times. Despite the potential to substantially impact crops economically, overall impacts of elevated temperature on insect-plant interactions are poorly understood, especially in agricultural systems. The goal of this dissertation is to investigate the impact of climate warming on insect herbivores, on their host plants and the interactions between them using the case of the corn earworm on tomatoes. First, the interactive effects of elevated temperature on insect herbivory (Helicoverpa zea) and resistance/tolerance traits of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum var Better Boy) were evaluated using artificial warming. In addition to an asymmetric responses between plant and insects, novel mechanisms were identified explaining how varying temperature affected the biosynthesis of insect elicitors and the ability of insects to trigger plant defense responses; insects reared at a warmer temperatures produced significantly less glucose oxidase (GOX), which paralleled a lower level of induction of plant defensive proteins, polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and trypsin protease inhibitors (TPI). Similarly, induction of plant defenses and plant resistance to the insect herbivore was highest in plants grown at above optimum temperatures but varied between damaged and undamaged leaves; herbivore growth was significantly reduced when fed on damaged leaves compared to undamaged control. These findings add an exciting new dimension to how climate change may alter plant-insect interactions. Second, using elevation as a proxy for temperature change, a field study in Nepal and greenhouse experiments at Penn State on tomato accessions from the Andes were tested to evaluate changes to plant herbivore interactions approximating the impacts of climate warming. The field study was conducted at various elevations in the Himalayan Mountains of Nepal in farmers fields to simulate climate change. Temperature varied with elevation in the field and significantly affected both insect populations and plant damage. At higher elevation, natural herbivore populations and plant damage from herbivory were significantly increased compared to low-elevation counterparts. In greenhouse experiments, changes in plant defense strategies and resistance to insect herbivory along an elevational gradient was also established by using tomato accessions adapted to a specific elevation range in South America. Plant resistance and defensive chemicals (e.g.,total phenolics content) to insect herbivory was enhanced in accessions from higher elevation. Results from both field and greenhouse experiments indicated a great deal of plasticity and variability in plant defense responses to both biotic and abiotic stresses. Last, the variation in induced plant defensive traits and strategies between wild and cultivated tomato genotypes was also investigated. Three different tomato genotypes were used; Solanum pimpinellifolium L. (accession LA 2093), b) cherry tomato, S. lycopersicum L. var. cerasiforme (accession Matts Wild Cherry), and c) cultivated tomato, S. lycopersicum L. var. Better Boy). Multiple chemical (plant volatiles, phenolics, defense proteins) and physical defenses (trichomes) in the cultivated tomato and its closest progenitors were measured. As expected, the wild species of tomato show higher levels of constitutive defenses, but the novel finding is that the cultivated tomato demonstrated the highest level of induced defenses (Paudel et al., 2019). While crop losses are expected to increase with global warming, elevated temperatures in this study produced asymmetric responses between insects and plants, indicating a more complicated response of plants and their herbivores under a climate change scenario. A plasticity in plant defense mechanisms were observed in the elevational studies which may possibly determine the amount of plant damages with expected geographical shift of insect pests towards higher elevations. Similarly, a large variation in plant defense mechanisms were demonstrated between wild and domesticated tomato genotypes which could be exploited as a component of sustainable crop protection in the face of climate change. Moving forward, we cannot assume that all of these crop-pest relationships will change in the same way due to climate warming. Therefore, future studies should include a wide range of host plants, insect herbivores (using both individual plant/herbivore pairs and groupings) and tri-trophic interactions complemented by field studies to provide more realistic assessments.
