Role of Melanin Concentrating Hormone (MCH) Containing Neurons in the Lateral Hypothalamus in Cardiorespiratory Control and Energy Balance PDF Download
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Author: Ningjing Li
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 300
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Book Description
The lateral hypothalamus is a brain region involved in the regulation of feeding, glucose homeostasis, sleep/wake cycle, and autonomic nervous system (ANS). Melanin concentrating hormone (MCH) containing neurons, located in the lateral hypothalamus, project widely throughout the central nervous system, including the brain regions that are involved in central chemoreception, food intake, and sleep. These neurons also have multisynaptic connections with the phrenic motoneurons and the ANS. My overall hypothesis is that the lateral hypothalamus is a central chemoreceptor site and hypothalamic MCH neurons play a role in central chemoreception, cardiovascular control, and energy balance. Electroencephalogram (EEG) and electromyogram (EMG) electrodes were surgically implanted to record vigilance states. Arterial catheters were implanted for blood pressure and heart rate recordings. Whole body plethysmography was used to measure ventilation and metabolic rate while breathing in room air of 5% CO2. In the first series of experiments, reverse-microdialysis was used to focally deliver artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) equilibrated with 25% CO2 to perifornical-lateral hypothalamic area (PF-LHA) in conscious rats while breathing in room air. In the second series of experiments, siRNA was used to knock down the expression of the MCH precursor gene (pMCH) to lower the levels of MCH in the brain. In the third series of experiments, acute central injection of MCH was applied in the third ventricle. Focal acidification in the PF-LHA caused an increase in ventilation only during quiet wakefulness, suggesting that the PF-LHA functions as a central chemoreceptor site and does so in a vigilance-state dependent manner. Knockdown of the pMCH expression resulted in an increase in the ventilatory response to 5% CO2 only during quiet wakefulness, accompanied by an increased metabolic rate, a reduced body weight and glucose level, as well as a disturbed sleep-wake cycle. Central injection of MCH induced food and water intake and lowered metabolic rate and blood pressure. Overall, these results indicate that hypothalamic MCH neurons are involved in central chemoreception in wakefulness, and suggest that disturbance of their function could contribute to obesity and obesity-related breathing and metabolic disorders.
Author: Ningjing Li
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 300
Get Book Here
Book Description
The lateral hypothalamus is a brain region involved in the regulation of feeding, glucose homeostasis, sleep/wake cycle, and autonomic nervous system (ANS). Melanin concentrating hormone (MCH) containing neurons, located in the lateral hypothalamus, project widely throughout the central nervous system, including the brain regions that are involved in central chemoreception, food intake, and sleep. These neurons also have multisynaptic connections with the phrenic motoneurons and the ANS. My overall hypothesis is that the lateral hypothalamus is a central chemoreceptor site and hypothalamic MCH neurons play a role in central chemoreception, cardiovascular control, and energy balance. Electroencephalogram (EEG) and electromyogram (EMG) electrodes were surgically implanted to record vigilance states. Arterial catheters were implanted for blood pressure and heart rate recordings. Whole body plethysmography was used to measure ventilation and metabolic rate while breathing in room air of 5% CO2. In the first series of experiments, reverse-microdialysis was used to focally deliver artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) equilibrated with 25% CO2 to perifornical-lateral hypothalamic area (PF-LHA) in conscious rats while breathing in room air. In the second series of experiments, siRNA was used to knock down the expression of the MCH precursor gene (pMCH) to lower the levels of MCH in the brain. In the third series of experiments, acute central injection of MCH was applied in the third ventricle. Focal acidification in the PF-LHA caused an increase in ventilation only during quiet wakefulness, suggesting that the PF-LHA functions as a central chemoreceptor site and does so in a vigilance-state dependent manner. Knockdown of the pMCH expression resulted in an increase in the ventilatory response to 5% CO2 only during quiet wakefulness, accompanied by an increased metabolic rate, a reduced body weight and glucose level, as well as a disturbed sleep-wake cycle. Central injection of MCH induced food and water intake and lowered metabolic rate and blood pressure. Overall, these results indicate that hypothalamic MCH neurons are involved in central chemoreception in wakefulness, and suggest that disturbance of their function could contribute to obesity and obesity-related breathing and metabolic disorders.
Author: Gregory Scott Parks
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781267430694
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 159
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Book Description
Melanin-Concentrating Hormone, MCH, is hypothalamic neuropeptide that is expressed almost exclusively in the lateral hypothalamus and zona incerta. MCH activates two G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), MCHR1 and MCHR2, but only MCHR1 is expressed in rodents. It is well established that MCH regulates feeding and metabolism, but more recently it has been demonstrated to be involved in a wide range of other physiological functions such as reward, endocrine signaling, and the regulation of emotional state. While the physiological functions and downstream effects of MCH have been extensively investigated, relatively little is known about how the MCH system is controlled and regulated. In order to gain insight into how activity of MCH neurons is controlled, we have identified eleven neuropeptide receptors which are expressed by a significant amount of MCH neurons. Of these, six are entirely novel and have never been described or hypothesized to interact with the MCH system. These findings strongly suggest that these neuropeptide receptors represent novel circuits which function to regulate the MCH system. Several of these receptors have been demonstrated to regulate similar physiological functions as the MCH, indicating that they may exert their effects at least partially by modulating activity of MCH neurons. We have discovered and characterized an entirely novel circuit which regulates the MCH system. Most MCH neurons were found to express the histamine 3 receptor (H3R). Using cre-lox technology, we generated a novel reporter line to aid identification of MCH neurons for functional analysis of this circuit. Histamine was found to inhibit MCH neurons in hypothalamic slices, an effect which persisted in the presence of TTX, indicating that it acts on postsynaptic H3R. This effect was entirely blocked by a H3R antagonist and mimicked by a selective H3R agonist, indicating that histaminergic inhibition of MCH neurons is entirely mediated by H3R. Finally, we have discovered that mice lacking MCHR1 are highly resistant to several types of chemically induced seizures. This finding strongly suggests that the MCH system may be involved in regulating seizure threshold. Most strikingly, MCHR1 were found to be extremely resistant to pilocarpine induced seizures, a model for temporal lobe epilepsy, suggesting that the MCH system may be particularly important for these types of seizures. Taken together, this indicates that the MCH system may modulate susceptibility to seizures and that MCHR1 antagonists warrant investigation for potential anticonvulsant activity.
Author: Juliette Anne Brown
Publisher:
ISBN: 9780355543377
Category : Electronic dissertations
Languages : en
Pages : 183
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Book Description
Author: Mitchell G. Miglis
Publisher: Academic Press
ISBN: 0128041129
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 270
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Book Description
Sleep and Neurologic Disease reviews how common neurologic illnesses, such as Parkinson's Disease and Alzheimer's dementia impact sleep. In addition, the book discusses how common primary sleep disorders influence neurologic diseases, such as the relationship between obstructive sleep apnea and stroke, as well as their association with various primary headache disorders and epilepsy syndromes. The utilization of sleep technology, such as polysomnography, multiple sleep latency testing, actigraphy, laboratory and CSF testing is also covered. The book is written for the practicing neurologist, sleep physician, neuroscientist, and epidemiologist studying sleep. - Reviews how common neurological illnesses impact sleep and the impact sleep disorders have on neurologic disease - Up-to-date, comprehensive overview written for practicing neurologists, sleep physicians, neuroscientists, and epidemiologists - Includes informative discussions on sleep physiology, circadian rhythms, sleep and stroke, and treatment options for neurologists
Author: E. I. Sokolov
Publisher: VSP
ISBN: 9789067642125
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 338
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Book Description
This book is the result of the study of metabolic and hormonal disorders in patients suffering obesity and diabetes mellitus, focusing on mechanisms of formation of atherosclerotic changes in the myocardium and vessels in diabetes mellitus patient.
Author: Teri J. Barkoukis
Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN: 1455723304
Category : Health & Fitness
Languages : en
Pages : 817
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Book Description
Therapy in Sleep Medicine, by Drs. Teri J. Barkoukis, Jean K. Matheson, Richard Ferber, and Karl Doghrami, provides the clinically focused coverage you need for rapid diagnosis and effective treatment of sleep disorders. A multidisciplinary team of leading authorities presents the latest on sleep breathing disorders (including obstructive sleep apnea), neuropharmacology, parasomnias, neurologic disorders affecting sleep, sleep therapy for women, sleep therapy in geriatric patients, controversies, and future trends in therapy in a highly illustrated, easy-to-follow format. Diagnose and treat patients effectively with complete coverage of the full range of sleep disorders. Find diagnostic and treatment information quickly and easily thanks to a highly illustrated, easy-to-read format that highlights key details. Stay current on discussions of hot topics, including sleep breathing disorders (including obstructive sleep apnea), neuropharmacology, parasomnias, neurologic disorders affecting sleep, sleep therapy for women, sleep therapy in geriatric patients, controversies, and future trends in therapy. Tap into the expertise of a multidisciplinary team of leading authorities for well-rounded, trusted guidance.
Author: Valery Grinevich
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 9783030866327
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
In this book, experts in the field provide comprehensive descriptions of the neuroanatomy of the hypothalamic neuroendocrine systems. The book begins with an extensive discussion on the structural components of the neuroendocrine systems. The reader will be introduced to the anatomy and biology of the hypothalamus and the pituitary. The human hypothalamus is presented in particular detail using state-of-the-art imaging techniques. In the next section, the neuroanatomy of traditional hypothalamo-hypophyseal systems is highlighted, with chapters describing magnocellular neuroendocrine cells and discussing the respective types of hypothalamic neurons that regulate various pituitary hormones. Following this detailed structural and anatomical description of the neuroendocrine system, the book’s final section focuses on the hypothalamic control of neuroendocrine functions. This includes the control of circadian rhythm, metabolism and appetite via specific peptidergic circuits. This book provides essential information on the neuroanatomy and control of neuroendocrine systems, addresses cutting-edge research questions posed by recent advances in the development of potent neuroanatomical tools, and highlights the latest technologies used in neuroendocrinology research, making it a valuable reference guide for students, trainees and established researchers alike. This is the twelfth volume in the International Neuroendocrine Federation (INF) Masterclass in Neuroendocrinology series, which aims to illustrate the highest standards and to encourage the use of the latest technologies in basic and clinical research and hopes to provide inspiration for further exploration into the exciting field of neuroendocrinology. Chapter 12 is available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com
Author: Nira Ben-Jonathan
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 0429688482
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 438
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Book Description
Dopamine is a small molecule traditionally regarded as a brain-derived neuronal modulator implicated in many neurological and psychiatric disorders. Outside the brain, dopamine fulfills all the criteria of a circulating hormone which affects normal and abnormal functions of multiple organs and regulatory systems and is also involved in many aspects of cancer formation and progression. This book provides a much needed systematic account of dopamine as an endocrine and autocrine/paracrine hormone and fills a major gap in the overall understanding of the production, distribution and actions of this very important molecule. Key Features: Explores the many different faces of dopamine as autocrine, paracrine and endocrine molecule Documents the adverse effects of antipsychotics on dopamine functions Reviews the many ways dopamine affects the cardiovascular, renal and reproductive systems Provides updates on receptor oligomerization and signaling Examines the role of dopamine in tumorigenesis Related Titles Jones, S. ed. Dopamine - Glutamate Interactions in the Basal Ganglia (ISBN 978-0-3673-8197-4) Luo, L. Principles of Neurobiology (ISBN 978-0-8153-4494-0) Sidhu, A. et al., eds. Dopamine Receptors and Transporters (ISBN 978-0-8247-0854-2)
Author: Luis De Lecea
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 0387254463
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 438
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Book Description
The first report that rapid eye movements occur in sleep in humans was published in 1953. The research journey from this point to the realization that sleep consists of two entirely independent states of being (eventually labeled REM sleep and non-REM sleep) was convoluted, but by 1960 the fundamental duality of sleep was well established including the description of REM sleep in cats associated with “wide awake” EEG patterns and EMG suppression. The first report linking REM sleep to a pathology occurred in 1961 and a clear association of sleep onset REM periods, cataplexy, hypnagogic hallucinations and sleep paralysis was fully established by 1966. When a naïve individual happens to observe a full-blown cataplexy attack, it is both dramatic and unnerving. Usually the observer assumes that the loss of muscle tone represents syncope or seizure. In order to educate health professionals and the general public, Christian Guilleminault and I made movies of full-blown cataplectic episodes (not an easy task). We showed these movies of cataplexy attacks to a number of professional audiences, and were eventually rewarded with the report of a similar abrupt loss of muscle tone in a dog. We were able to bring the dog to Stanford University and with this as the trigger, we were able to develop the Stanford Canine Narcolepsy Colony. Breeding studies revealed the genetic determinants of canine narcolepsy, an autosomal recessive gene we termed canarc1. Emmanuel Mignot took over the colony in 1986 and began sequencing DNA, finally isolating canarc1 in 1999.
Author: Qi Wu
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 9811312869
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 240
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Book Description
This book systemically describes the mechanisms underlying the neural regulation of metabolism. Metabolic diseases, including obesity and its associated conditions, currently affect more than 500 million people worldwide. Recent research has shown that the neural regulation of metabolism is a central mechanism that controls metabolic status physiologically and pathophysiologically. The book first introduces the latest studies on the neural and cellular mechanisms of hypothalamic neurons, hypothalamic glial cells, neural circuitries, cellular signaling pathways, and synaptic plasticity in the control of appetite, body weight, feeding-related behaviors and metabolic disorders. It then summarizes the humoral mechanisms by which critical adipocyte-derived hormones and lipoprotein lipase regulate lipid and glucose metabolism, and examines the role of the hypothalamus-sympathetic nerve, a critical nerve pathway from CNS to peripheral nervous system (PNS), in the regulation of metabolism in multiple tissues/organs. Furthermore, the book discusses the functions of adipose tissue in energy metabolism. Lastly, it explores dietary interventions to treat neural diseases and some of the emerging technologies used to study the neural regulation of metabolism. Presenting cutting-edge developments in the neural regulation of metabolism, the book is a valuable reference resource for graduate students and researchers in the field of neuroscience and metabolism.
