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Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309133505
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 222
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Book Description
Changes in climate are driven by natural and human-induced perturbations of the Earth's energy balance. These climate drivers or "forcings" include variations in greenhouse gases, aerosols, land use, and the amount of energy Earth receives from the Sun. Although climate throughout Earth's history has varied from "snowball" conditions with global ice cover to "hothouse" conditions when glaciers all but disappeared, the climate over the past 10,000 years has been remarkably stable and favorable to human civilization. Increasing evidence points to a large human impact on global climate over the past century. The report reviews current knowledge of climate forcings and recommends critical research needed to improve understanding. Whereas emphasis to date has been on how these climate forcings affect global mean temperature, the report finds that regional variation and climate impacts other than temperature deserve increased attention.
Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309133505
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 222
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Book Description
Changes in climate are driven by natural and human-induced perturbations of the Earth's energy balance. These climate drivers or "forcings" include variations in greenhouse gases, aerosols, land use, and the amount of energy Earth receives from the Sun. Although climate throughout Earth's history has varied from "snowball" conditions with global ice cover to "hothouse" conditions when glaciers all but disappeared, the climate over the past 10,000 years has been remarkably stable and favorable to human civilization. Increasing evidence points to a large human impact on global climate over the past century. The report reviews current knowledge of climate forcings and recommends critical research needed to improve understanding. Whereas emphasis to date has been on how these climate forcings affect global mean temperature, the report finds that regional variation and climate impacts other than temperature deserve increased attention.
Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309102251
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 160
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Book Description
In response to a request from Congress, Surface Temperature Reconstructions for the Last 2,000 Years assesses the state of scientific efforts to reconstruct surface temperature records for Earth during approximately the last 2,000 years and the implications of these efforts for our understanding of global climate change. Because widespread, reliable temperature records are available only for the last 150 years, scientists estimate temperatures in the more distant past by analyzing "proxy evidence," which includes tree rings, corals, ocean and lake sediments, cave deposits, ice cores, boreholes, and glaciers. Starting in the late 1990s, scientists began using sophisticated methods to combine proxy evidence from many different locations in an effort to estimate surface temperature changes during the last few hundred to few thousand years. This book is an important resource in helping to understand the intricacies of global climate change.
Author: Christopher Bryan Skinner
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
There is now unequivocal evidence that the Earth's climate is changing as a result of human activities. These changes pose a number of potential risks for human and natural systems. Within the Sahel, a semi-arid region of northern Africa that is home to over 50 million people, climate-related stresses on human systems are exacerbated by a limited capacity for climate adaptation and persistent uncertainty in projections of future climate. In this dissertation I utilize a suite of numerical modeling techniques in conjunction with observational data to study the multi-scale interactions that shape rainfall and atmospheric circulation in northern West Africa. This dissertation consists of three chapters. In the first chapter, I use an ensemble of general circulation model experiments to examine the relative roles of different global drivers in shaping projected changes in West African climate. Specifically, I assess the response of precipitation and atmospheric circulation in West Africa to the individual influences of direct atmospheric radiative forcing from projected increases in greenhouse gas concentrations and greenhouse gas-induced sea surface temperature forcing. In the second chapter, I evaluate the simulation of synoptic-scale weather disturbances, known as African easterly waves, in the latest generation of global climate models. African easterly waves serve as an important source of Sahel rainfall and play a critical role in Saharan dust transport and the initiation of the most intense Atlantic basin hurricanes. In this work I identify key reasons for biases in the simulation of African easterly waves, and offer several new insights for improved climate modeling efforts in West Africa. In the third chapter, I explore the response of atmospheric circulation in West Africa to projected increases in greenhouse gas concentrations. Models exhibit a robust increase in monsoon strength and African easterly wave activity in response to the pattern of future warming in West Africa. These results suggest the possibility of a number of future climate-related impacts on human and natural systems in West Africa and the greater Atlantic basin.
Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309183359
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 41
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Book Description
The warming of the Earth has been the subject of intense debate and concern for many scientists, policy-makers, and citizens for at least the past decade. Climate Change Science: An Analysis of Some Key Questions, a new report by a committee of the National Research Council, characterizes the global warming trend over the last 100 years, and examines what may be in store for the 21st century and the extent to which warming may be attributable to human activity.
Author: S. J. Ghan
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 404
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Book Description
Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309208939
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 298
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Book Description
Emissions of carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels have ushered in a new epoch where human activities will largely determine the evolution of Earth's climate. Because carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is long lived, it can effectively lock the Earth and future generations into a range of impacts, some of which could become very severe. Emissions reductions decisions made today matter in determining impacts experienced not just over the next few decades, but in the coming centuries and millennia. According to Climate Stabilization Targets: Emissions, Concentrations, and Impacts Over Decades to Millennia, important policy decisions can be informed by recent advances in climate science that quantify the relationships between increases in carbon dioxide and global warming, related climate changes, and resulting impacts, such as changes in streamflow, wildfires, crop productivity, extreme hot summers, and sea level rise. One way to inform these choices is to consider the projected climate changes and impacts that would occur if greenhouse gases in the atmosphere were stabilized at a particular concentration level. The book quantifies the outcomes of different stabilization targets for greenhouse gas concentrations using analyses and information drawn from the scientific literature. Although it does not recommend or justify any particular stabilization target, it does provide important scientific insights about the relationships among emissions, greenhouse gas concentrations, temperatures, and impacts. Climate Stabilization Targets emphasizes the importance of 21st century choices regarding long-term climate stabilization. It is a useful resource for scientists, educators and policy makers, among others.
Author: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Working Group II.
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 9780521634557
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 532
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Book Description
Cambridge, UK : Cambridge University Press, 1998.
Author: Bela Torok
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0128095490
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 1058
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Book Description
Green Chemistry: An Inclusive Approach provides a broad overview of green chemistry for researchers from either an environmental science or chemistry background, starting at a more elementary level, incorporating more advanced concepts, and including more chemistry as the book progresses. Every chapter includes recent, state-of-the-art references, in particular, review articles, to introduce researchers to this field of interest and provide them with information that can be easily built upon. By bringing together experts in multiple subdisciplines of green chemistry, the editors have curated a single central resource for an introduction to the discipline as a whole. Topics include a broad array of research fields, including the chemistry of Earth’s atmosphere, water and soil, the synthesis of fine chemicals, and sections on pharmaceuticals, plastics, energy related issues (energy storage, fuel cells, solar, and wind energy conversion etc., greenhouse gases and their handling, chemical toxicology issues of everyday products (from perfumes to detergents or clothing), and environmental policy issues. Introduces the topic of green chemistry with an overview of key concepts Expands upon presented concepts with the latest research and applications, providing both the breadth and depth researchers need Includes a broad range of application based problems to make the content accessible for professional researchers and undergraduate and graduate students Authored by experts in a broad range of fields, providing insider information on the aspects or challenges of a given field that are most important and urgent
Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309095069
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 223
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Book Description
Changes in climate are driven by natural and human-induced perturbations of the Earth's energy balance. These climate drivers or "forcings" include variations in greenhouse gases, aerosols, land use, and the amount of energy Earth receives from the Sun. Although climate throughout Earth's history has varied from "snowball" conditions with global ice cover to "hothouse" conditions when glaciers all but disappeared, the climate over the past 10,000 years has been remarkably stable and favorable to human civilization. Increasing evidence points to a large human impact on global climate over the past century. The report reviews current knowledge of climate forcings and recommends critical research needed to improve understanding. Whereas emphasis to date has been on how these climate forcings affect global mean temperature, the report finds that regional variation and climate impacts other than temperature deserve increased attention.
Author: Ruth, M. Donaghy, K. Kirshen, P.
Publisher: Edward Elgar Publishing
ISBN: 1781007500
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 283
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Book Description
'. . . a welcome addition to both the climate change and regional science literature. . .a resource for researchers in the field who are working to bridge the gap between climate research and the needs of local and regional decision makers who will design adaptive strategies in response to climate change. . . having some of the best regional climate impacts work in one place is reason enough to have this book on the shelf.' - James Neumann, Journal of Regional Science
