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Author: Christopher M. Woodruff
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 40
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Book Description
Does access to capital lead to more robust investment in small scale enterprises in developing economies? We examine the effect of capital constraints on investment levels of microenterprises in Mexico. We use a survey of more than 6000 small firms located in 44 urban areas of Mexico. We focus on one important source of investment capital for Mexican entrepreneurs: earnings from migration by the owner or family members working in the United States. We estimate that remittances are responsible for almost 20% of the capital invested in microenterprises throughout urban Mexico, an additional cumulative investment capital among the firms represented by our sample of about $1.85 billion. Within the ten states with the highest rate of migration to the United States, we estimate that almost than a third of the capital invested in microenterprises is associated with remittances. In additional to showing the importance of remittances in microenterprise development, the findings suggest that access to capital is an important factor in enterprise development.
Author: Christopher M. Woodruff
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 40
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Book Description
Does access to capital lead to more robust investment in small scale enterprises in developing economies? We examine the effect of capital constraints on investment levels of microenterprises in Mexico. We use a survey of more than 6000 small firms located in 44 urban areas of Mexico. We focus on one important source of investment capital for Mexican entrepreneurs: earnings from migration by the owner or family members working in the United States. We estimate that remittances are responsible for almost 20% of the capital invested in microenterprises throughout urban Mexico, an additional cumulative investment capital among the firms represented by our sample of about $1.85 billion. Within the ten states with the highest rate of migration to the United States, we estimate that almost than a third of the capital invested in microenterprises is associated with remittances. In additional to showing the importance of remittances in microenterprise development, the findings suggest that access to capital is an important factor in enterprise development.
Author: Christopher Woodruff
Publisher: BID-INTAL
ISBN: 9507382577
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 42
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Book Description
Author: Sergio Diaz-Briquets
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 0429715153
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 180
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Book Description
"The Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 (IRCA) was a manifestation of widespread public concern over the volume of undocumented immigration into the United States. The principal innovation of this legislation-the provision to impose penalties on employers who knowingly hire undocumented immigrants-was a response to this concern. This effort at restriction was tempered in IRCA by other provisions permitting the legalization of two types of undocumented immigrantsthose who had resided in the United States since January 1, 1982; and what were called special agricultural workers (SAWs), persons who had worked in perishable crop agriculture for at least 90 days during specified periods from 1983 to 1986. Approximately 3.1 million persons sought legalization (what is popularly referred to as amnesty) under these two provisions. The breakdown was roughly 1.8 million under the regular program and 1.3 million as SAWs. Mexicans made up 75 percent of the combined legalization requests."
Author: Raúl Hernández-Coss
Publisher: World Bank Publications
ISBN: 0821360876
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 117
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Book Description
The experience of Mexican nationals who send money home from the United States forms the basis for this study. The authors identify three stages of the remittance process: the First Mile, when decisions are in the hands of the remittance sender; the Intermediary Stage, comprising systems that facilitate the cross-border transfer of funds; and the Last Mile, where the funds reach the hands of the remittance recipient. This analysis, covering the last eight years, may provide guidance for other remittance sending and receiving countries that seek to encourage formalization of the flow.
Author: Barbara Jean Merz
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 316
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Book Description
This volume examines novel and emerging patterns of U.S. giving to Mexico and their impact on equitable development. in 2005, Mexican migrants living in the U.S. sent billions of dollars to relatives living in Mexico. This bilingual volume asks: What are these new patterns of diaspora giving, and how do they affect equitable development in Mexico?
Author: Raúl Hernández-Coss
Publisher: World Bank Publications
ISBN:
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 116
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Book Description
The experience of Mexican nationals who send money home from the United States forms the basis for this study. The authors identify three stages of the remittance process: the First Mile, when decisions are in the hands of the remittance sender; the Intermediary Stage, comprising systems that facilitate the cross-border transfer of funds; and the Last Mile, where the funds reach the hands of the remittance recipient. This analysis, covering the last eight years, may provide guidance for other remittance sending and receiving countries that seek to encourage formalization of the flow.
Author: Ranjita Nepal
Publisher: kassel university press GmbH
ISBN: 3862194280
Category : Cost and standard of living
Languages : en
Pages : 232
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Book Description
Author: Pablo Fajnzylber
Publisher: World Bank Publications
ISBN: 0821368710
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 410
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Book Description
Workers' remittances have become a major source of financing for developing countries and are especially important in Latin America and the Caribbean, which is at the top of the ranking of remittance receiving regions in the world. While there has been a recent surge in analytical work on the topic, this book is motivated by the large heterogeneity in migration and remittance patterns across countries and regions, and by the fact that existing evidence for Latin America and the Caribbean is restricted to only a few countries, such as Mexico and El Salvador. Because the nature of the phenomenon varies across countries, its development impact and policy implications are also likely to differ in ways that are still largely unknown. This book helps fill the gap by exploring, in the specific context of Latin America and Caribbean countries, some of the main questions faced by policymakers when trying to respond to increasing remittances flows. The book relies on cross-country panel data and household surveys for 11 Latin American countries to explore the development impact of remittance flows along several dimensions: growth, poverty, inequality, schooling, health, labor supply, financial development, and real exchange rates.
Author: Samuel Munzele Maimbo
Publisher: World Bank Publications
ISBN: 0821357948
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 402
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Book Description
Migrants have long faced unwarranted constraints to sending money to family members and relatives in their home countries, among them costly fees and commissions, inconvenient formal banking hours, and inefficient domestic banking services that delay final payment to the beneficiaries. Yet such remittances are perhaps the largest source of external finance in developing countries. Officially recorded remittance flows to developing countries exceeded US$125 billion in 2004, making them the second largest source of development finance after foreign direct investment. This book demonstrates that governments in developing countries increasingly recognize the importance of remittance flows and are quickly addressing these constraints.
Author: Ibrahim Sirkeci
Publisher: World Bank Publications
ISBN: 0821388266
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 471
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Book Description
During the 2008 financial crisis, the possible changes in remittance-sending behavior and potential avenues to alleviate a probable decline in remittance flows became concerns. This book brings together a wide array of studies from around the world focusing on the recent trends in remittance flows. The authors have gathered a select group of researchers from academic, practitioner and policy making bodies. Thus the book can be seen as a conversation between the different stakeholders involved in or affected by remittance flows globally. The book is a first-of-its-kind attempt to analyze the effects of an ongoing crisis on remittance flows globally. Data analyzed by the book reveals three trends. First, The more diversified the destinations and the labour markets for migrants the more resilient are the remittances sent by migrants. Second, the lower the barriers to labor mobility, the stronger the link between remittances and economic cycles in that corridor. And third, as remittances proved to be relatively resilient in comparison to private capital flows, many remittance-dependent countries became even more dependent on remittance inflows for meeting external financing needs. There are several reasons for migration and remittances to be relatively resilient to the crisis. First, remittances are sent by the stock (cumulative flows) of migrants, not only by the recent arrivals (in fact, recent arrivals often do not remit as regularly as they must establish themselves in their new homes). Second, contrary to expectations, return migration did not take place as expected even as the financial crisis reduced employment opportunities in the US and Europe. Third, in addition to the persistence of migrant stocks that lent persistence to remittance flows, existing migrants often absorbed income shocks and continued to send money home. Fourth, if some migrants did return or had the intention to return, they tended to take their savings back to their country of origin. Finally, exchange rate movements during the crisis caused unexpected changes in remittance behavior: as local currencies of many remittance recipient countries depreciated sharply against the US dollar, they produced a “sale” effect on remittance behavior of migrants in the US and other destination countries.
