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Author: Great Britain: National Audit Office
Publisher: The Stationery Office
ISBN: 010294234X
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 56
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Book Description
In 1999 the European Union introduced a Directive that require the UK to reduce the amount of biodegradable waste disposed of in landfill. By 2010 we have to landfill 75% of the amount landfilled in 1995. This figure reduces to 50% by 2013 and 35% by 2020. If the target is not met then the UK could be fined for non-compliance. So far DEFRA has spent £336 million on initiatives to reduce the amount of landfill, but reductions have been offset by growth in the amount of waste produced and there is a risk that the targets will not be met. An emphasis on recycling alone is not enough. DEFRA needs to focus on helping the 25 authorities that send most to landfill and help develop alternative waste facilities, as well as encouraging more households to recycle and compost. This examination of the problem is in four parts: 1) England needs to reduce the amount of biodegradable municipal waste disposed through landfill; 2) earlier delays I taking action made European Union targets more difficult to achieve; 3) without a step change in existing local authority plans, England will not achieve its share of the reductions in landfill the European Union requires by 2010 and 2013; 4) recycling and minimisation need to contribute more to reducing the amount of biodegradable municipal waste sent to landfill.
Author: Great Britain: National Audit Office
Publisher: The Stationery Office
ISBN: 010294234X
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 56
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Book Description
In 1999 the European Union introduced a Directive that require the UK to reduce the amount of biodegradable waste disposed of in landfill. By 2010 we have to landfill 75% of the amount landfilled in 1995. This figure reduces to 50% by 2013 and 35% by 2020. If the target is not met then the UK could be fined for non-compliance. So far DEFRA has spent £336 million on initiatives to reduce the amount of landfill, but reductions have been offset by growth in the amount of waste produced and there is a risk that the targets will not be met. An emphasis on recycling alone is not enough. DEFRA needs to focus on helping the 25 authorities that send most to landfill and help develop alternative waste facilities, as well as encouraging more households to recycle and compost. This examination of the problem is in four parts: 1) England needs to reduce the amount of biodegradable municipal waste disposed through landfill; 2) earlier delays I taking action made European Union targets more difficult to achieve; 3) without a step change in existing local authority plans, England will not achieve its share of the reductions in landfill the European Union requires by 2010 and 2013; 4) recycling and minimisation need to contribute more to reducing the amount of biodegradable municipal waste sent to landfill.
Author: Great Britain: Parliament: House of Commons: Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Committee
Publisher: The Stationery Office
ISBN: 9780215543226
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 440
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Book Description
Incorporating HC 100, session 2007-08 and HC 1094, session 2008-09
Author: Great Britain: National Audit Office
Publisher: The Stationery Office
ISBN: 9780102963519
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 36
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Book Description
The amount of harmful business waste sent to landfill has fallen, but it is not possible to say how much of this reduction is down to the £240 million government Business Resource Efficiency and Waste Programme which ran from March 2005 to April 2008. The NAO is unable to conclude whether the spending was value for money because the Department had not set specific, quantified targets for the Programme and it lacked reliable information on performance. The businesses that received support from the Programme's initiatives have reported benefits in terms of both cost and environmental improvements, and there should be longer term gains. But the NAO's survey of businesses found low awareness of the services available under the Programme. There has been no evaluation of the Programme to date. Most of the reduction in landfill related to construction, excavation and demolition waste which is less harmful to the environment. Commercial and industrial waste is more likely to generate harmful greenhouse gas, but the amount sent to landfill fell by only 2.3 million tonnes (11 per cent) between 2005 and 2008. Given this rate of progress, the Department may not meet its expectation, set in 2007, of a 20 per cent reduction by 2010. The Department does not have up to date information on how much business waste there is, or how much is being recycled, which makes it difficult for it to target its activities.
Author: Great Britain. National Audit Office
Publisher: The Stationery Office
ISBN: 9780102954494
Category : Nature
Languages : en
Pages : 62
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Book Description
The European Union introduced a Directive in 1999 requiring all Member States to reduce the amount of biodegradable municipal waste disposed in landfill, with targets set for the years 2010, 2013 and 2020. Failure to achieve the targets will result in fines being levied by the European Commission. The Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) is responsible for ensuring that these landfill targets are met at a national level. As part of this, Defra is overseeing a programme of new locaI authority PFI contracts for the construction of waste treatment facilities. The review focuses on Defra's role in seeking to promote the achievement of value for money from the waste PFI programme, the progress being made in delivering new local authority waste projects and good practice in the development of these programmes.
Author: Great Britain: Parliament: House of Commons: Committee of Public Accounts
Publisher: The Stationery Office
ISBN: 9780215036919
Category : Architecture
Languages : en
Pages : 64
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Book Description
Biodegradable materials in landfill sites, such as food, vegetation and paper, generate methane and other emissions to the soil and water which can be harmful to health. The European Union introduced a Directive in 1999 which set maximum allowances for the tonnage of biodegradable municipal waste that each Member State could send to landfill from 2006 onwards. Waste collection and disposal is a key responsibility of the 388 local authorities in England, and the Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) has to work closely with them to enable the United Kingdom to comply with this Directive. Non-compliance could result in a fine of up to £180 million a year. The UK's historic reliance on landfill led to a four year extension to the timetable, but DEFRA took no effective action until 2003. Although 2005-06 saw a reduction of 2.3 million tonnes against the previous year, a further reduction of 4.9 million tonnes will be required to comply with the 2013 maximum allowance set by the EU. Much of the progress made has involved an increase in recycling, due to the public's enthusiasm, but manufacturers and retailers continue to use large amounts of packaging. Recycling alone will be insufficient to comply with the Directive, and new infrastructure - energy-from-waste plants which incinerate, anaerobically digest, or compost waste to generate electricity - will be necessary. But such plants are unpopular and typically take nine years to become operational, and there is a significant risk that many will not be ready in time.
Author:
Publisher: Oxford University Press
ISBN: 019266350X
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 696
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Book Description
Author: Great Britain. Parliament. House of Commons. Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Committee
Publisher: The Stationery Office
ISBN: 9780215022875
Category : Architecture
Languages : en
Pages : 250
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Book Description
400 million tonnes of waste is produced in England and Wales from industrial, commercial and household sources, with 375 million tonnes produced in England alone. Following on from its previous report on waste management issues (HCP 385-I, session 2002-03, ISBN 0215010876) published in May 2003, the Committee's report focuses on the progress being made to meet targets for recycling, and the impact of the EU Landfill Directive on reducing the amount of waste sent to landfills, particularly in hazardous waste landfill capacity. Findings include that waste policy has a lower public profile than many other environmental issues, and its development is hindered by a lack of quality data. Concerns are raised about the level of hazardous waste that is unaccounted for, following the ending of co-disposal of hazardous and non-hazardous waste in the same landfill. Government funding for research into new treatment technologies is welcomed, but more investment is needed; and the planning system is a key influence on the country's waste management capacity. The Committee also recommends that the Landfill Tax should be increased to £35 per tonne; and that the introduction of local authority schemes to promote household waste recycling should be left at the discretion of local councils, with variable charging schemes only introduced if this can avoid disadvantaging low-income families.
Author: Great Britain: Government Office for the South East
Publisher: The Stationery Office
ISBN: 9780117539679
Category : Architecture
Languages : en
Pages : 104
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Book Description
This revision to Regional Planning Guidance no. 9 (RPG 9) (ISBN 0117535621), published in March 2001, contains a waste management strategy for the South East which replaces Policy INF3 and its supporting paragraphs. The strategy address all main waste streams subject to regulation (municipal, commercial and industrial, construction and demolition waste) and its key role is to provide guidance on the spatial planning aspects of waste management, including an assessment of regional and subregional waste management requirements. It formally covers the period to 2016, but looks forward to 2025 to provide a longer term perspective and to inform the South East Plan. This revision should be read in conjunction with PPS 10 on national planning policy on sustainable waste management (ISBN 0117539503) published in July 2005.
Author: Maurice Sunkin
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1135341273
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 978
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Book Description
Chapter 1 SOURCES AND PRINCIPLES OF ENVIRONMENTAL LAW -- chapter THE SOURCES OF ENVIRONMENTAL LAW Environmental law: the international perspective -- chapter The sources of international environmental law -- chapter Customary international law General principles of international law -- chapter Judicial decisions and the writings of eminent publicists United Nations General Assembly Resolutions -- chapter Environmental law: European Community perspective -- chapter The institutions of the EC -- chapter Law-making by Community institutions -- chapter Voluntary agreements -- chapter Application of direct effect -- chapter Environmental directives with direct effect -- chapter The duty to interpret national law in the light of a directive: 'indirect effect' -- chapter The subsidiarity principle -- chapter The EC's Environmental Action Programmes -- chapter Statutes Delegated legislation Codes of Practice -- chapter Ministerial guidance Government White Papers Reports of the Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution -- chapter Select Committee reports The Environment Agency -- chapter PRINCIPLES OF ENVIRONMENTAL LAW The relationship between principles Sustainable development -- chapter Preventive and precautionary principles -- chapter The principle of citizen participation and the right to a healthy environment -- chapter The principle of integration -- chapter Integrated pollution control -- chapter ENVIRONMENTAL PRINCIPLES: THE KEY INSTRUMENTS Defining the 'environment' and 'pollution of the environment' Stockholm Declaration on the Human Environment 1972 -- chapter Rio Declaration on Environment and Development 1992 -- chapter LIABILITY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE International liability for environmental damage -- chapter European Community law -- chapter REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING -- chapter USEFUL WEBSITES -- chapter AIR AND ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION -- chapter Structure of the chapter AIR AND ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION: THE INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT Customary international law -- chapter Framework Convention on Climate Change 1992 -- chapter Kyoto Protocol 1997 -- chapter Monitoring and Evaluation Protocol 1984 Sulphur Protocols 1985 and 1994 Nitrogen Oxides Protocol 1988 -- chapter Volatile Organic Compounds Protocol 1991 -- chapter Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer 1985 and its Montreal Protocol 1987 EUROPEAN COMMUNITY LAW -- chapter Sulphur in air -- chapter Lead in air -- chapter Vehicle emissions -- chapter Emissions from industrial plants -- chapter Towards a unified framework for EC air quality law and policy Air Quality Framework Directive 96/62 -- chapter CAFE -- chapter Local air quality management areas (AQMAs) -- chapter Road traffic pollution -- chapter Restricting the use of roads and traffic management -- chapter REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING -- chapter USEFUL WEBSITES -- chapter WATER AND MARINE POLLUTION -- chapter INTERNATIONAL LAW UN Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982 -- chapter International legal regime for vessel-source marine oil pollution -- chapter MARPOL Convention 1973/78 -- chapter Measures controlling the release of substances into water -- chapter Titanium dioxide Measures protecting designated types of water -- chapter Bathing water -- chapter Urban waste water -- chapter The Water Framework Directive 00/60 -- chapter Cambridge Water Co v Eastern Counties Leather plc [1994] 1 All ER 53 -- chapter Water pollution legislation -- chapter Licences to abstract water Droughts -- chapter Ministerial Regulations - water quality classification and objectives -- chapter Anti-pollution works Prevention of pollution -- chapter Public registers Quality of water supplies -- chapter REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING -- chapter USEFUL WEBSITES -- chapter WASTE -- INTRODUCTION TO THE LAW RELATING TO WASTE -- chapter Dumping at sea -- chapter International trade in hazardous wastes and substances -- chapter Basel Convention 1989 -- chapter Bamako Convention 1991 -- chapter Basel Protocol on Liability and Compensation 1999 -- chapter Directive on Waste 75/442 (WFD) (see p 389, below) -- chapter Directive on the Disposal of Waste Oils 75/439 -- chapter Council Regulation on the Shipment of Waste 259/93 -- chapter Directive on Sewage Sludge Directive 86/278 Directive on Packaging Waste Directive 94/62 -- chapter Directive on the Landfill of Waste 99/31 -- chapter Further developments -- chapter The statutory definition of 'waste' -- chapter Is the material capable of being waste? Has the material been discarded? -- chapter Not all discarded material will be waste -- chapter National Waste Strategy -- chapter Waste Strategy 2000 -- chapter The key messages of the strategy (Chapter 1) -- chapter The waste strategy summarised.
Author: Barbara Weber
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1119226546
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 436
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Book Description
Clear, comprehensive guidance toward the global infrastructure investment market Infrastructure As An Asset Class is the leading infrastructure investment guide, with comprehensive coverage and in-depth expert insight. This new second edition has been fully updated to reflect the current state of the global infrastructure market, its sector and capital requirements, and provides a valuable overview of the knowledge base required to enter the market securely. Step-by-step guidance walks you through individual infrastructure assets, emphasizing project financing structures, risk analysis, instruments to help you understand the mechanics of this complex, but potentially rewarding, market. New chapters explore energy, renewable energy, transmission and sustainability, providing a close analysis of these increasingly lucrative areas. The risk profile of an asset varies depending on stage, sector and country, but the individual structure is most important in determining the risk/return profile. This book provides clear, detailed explanations and invaluable insight from a leading practitioner to give you a solid understanding of the global infrastructure market. Get up to date on the current global infrastructure market Investigate individual infrastructure assets step-by-step Examine illustrative real-world case studies Understand the factors that determine risk/return profiles Infrastructure continues to be an area of global investment growth, both in the developed world and in emerging markets. Conditions continually change, markets shift and new considerations arise; only the most current reference can supply the right information practitioners need to be successful. Infrastructure As An Asset Class provides clear reference based on the current global infrastructure markets, with in-depth analysis and expert guidance toward effective infrastructure investment.
