Procedure for the Continuous Sampling and Measurement of Non-Volatile Particulate Matter Emissions from Aircraft Turbine Engines PDF Download
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Author: E-31P Particulate Matter Committee
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Languages : en
Pages : 0
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This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) describes recommended sampling conditions, instrumentation, and procedures for the measurement of non-volatile particle number and mass concentrations from the exhaust of aircraft gas turbine engines. Procedures are included to estimate sampling system loss performance. This ARP is not intended for in-flight testing, nor does it apply to engines operating in the afterburning mode.This ARP is intended as a guide toward standard practice and is subject to change to keep pace with experience and technical advances. This ARP6320 document revision provides updated nvPM mass calibration and System Operability information. The nvPM mass calibration data reduction method has been revised, and additional detail supplied on the use of splitters for nvPMmi calibration. Both the Diluter1 temperature control and the Dilution Factor 2 check method 1 have been revised. The "nvPM System Compliance and Operational Checklists" Excel spreadsheet is now presented as two separate checklist documents to simplify use: nvPM System Compliance Checklists v1_4 and nvPM Operations Compliance Checklists v1_4. Additional cross-references to ICAO Annex 16 Volume II1 are now included in both checklists.
Author: E-31P Particulate Matter Committee
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) describes recommended sampling conditions, instrumentation, and procedures for the measurement of non-volatile particle number and mass concentrations from the exhaust of aircraft gas turbine engines. Procedures are included to estimate sampling system loss performance. This ARP is not intended for in-flight testing, nor does it apply to engines operating in the afterburning mode.This ARP is intended as a guide toward standard practice and is subject to change to keep pace with experience and technical advances. This ARP6320 document revision provides updated nvPM mass calibration and System Operability information. The nvPM mass calibration data reduction method has been revised, and additional detail supplied on the use of splitters for nvPMmi calibration. Both the Diluter1 temperature control and the Dilution Factor 2 check method 1 have been revised. The "nvPM System Compliance and Operational Checklists" Excel spreadsheet is now presented as two separate checklist documents to simplify use: nvPM System Compliance Checklists v1_4 and nvPM Operations Compliance Checklists v1_4. Additional cross-references to ICAO Annex 16 Volume II1 are now included in both checklists.
Author: E-31P Particulate Matter Committee
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) describes procedures, required continuous sampling conditions, and instrumentation for the measurement of non-volatile particle number and mass concentrations from the exhaust of aircraft gas turbine engines. Procedures are included to calculate sampling loss performance. This AIR is not intended for in-flight testing, nor does it apply to engine operating in the afterburning mode. This SAE Aerospace Information Report consists of methodologies for measurements of nonvolatile exhaust particles at the exit plane of aircraft gas turbine engines. The described methods represent a means of determining particle mass concentration, particle number concentration, and reporting of emissions indices through the use of an appropriate sampling system and instrumentation that goes beyond the measurements of visible obscuration as described in ARP1179 for smoke number.
Author: E31Aircraft Engine Gas and Particulate Emissions Measurement
Publisher:
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Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Author: Emiliano Spezi
Publisher: Cardiff University Press
ISBN: 1911653490
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 204
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Book Description
The Conference was established for the first time in 2023 as part of a programme of activities to sustain research culture environment and dissemination activities at the School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff United Kingdom. The conference served as a platform to celebrate advancements in various engineering domains researched at our School, and to explore and discuss further advancements in the diverse fields that define contemporary engineering. The structure of the conference programme reflected the multidimensional nature of our research and was built around the priority research areas for the school. 1. Sustainable Energy stands as a testament to our commitment to a greener, more efficient future. We aim to advance energy technology and play a key role in addressing the increasing demand for sustainable and low carbon technologies while reducing environmental impact and ensuring a sustainable environment. Our work helps to drive forward net-zero solutions for achieving the government carbon targets. 2. Advanced Manufacturing represents cutting-edge research into materials, systems and transformative technologies to transform engineering and economic performance in the transport, energy generation and manufacturing industries. Our research in this area focuses on developing smart materials and structures, and sustainable manufacturing processes that help create a sustainable and greener economy. 3. Civil Infrastructure takes centre stage as we improve the sustainability and resilience of infrastructure across the UK and the globe. We work on developing sustainable and resilient total lifecycle solutions across a wide range of domains including construction, structures, energy, geo-environmental and water infrastructure systems. From creating new nano-scale smart materials to macro-scale urban interventions. 4. Compound Semiconductors and Applications represents the cutting edge of electronics, a critical driver of progress in the digital age. We explore the latest developments in compound semiconductor materials, advanced characterisation techniques, quantum optics and novel circuit design methodologies and their diverse applications. We anticipate breakthroughs that will power the next generation of computing, communication, and sensing technologies. 5. Engineering for Health forms a cornerstone of our discussions, recognizing the pivotal role technology plays in revolutionizing healthcare. We are applying the latest research in medical engineering to push the boundaries in areas where innovation has the potential to transform patient care.
Author: E-31G Gaseous Committee
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) describes the continuous sampling and analysis of gaseous emissions from aircraft gas turbine engines. The measured gas species include carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), hydrocarbons (HC), and water vapor (H2O). This ARP excludes engine operating procedures and test modes, and is not intended for in-flight testing, nor does it apply to engines operating in the afterburning mode.It is recognized that there will probably be major advances in the gas analysis measurement technology. It is not the intent of this ARP to exclude other analysis techniques, but to form the basis of the minimum amount of conventional instruments (those in common industry usage over the last fifteen years) required for the analysis of aircraft engine exhaust. It is the responsibility of the analyst to demonstrate the alternative measurement technology has comparable (or better) performance than the techniques described in this ARP.The measurement of other exhaust gas species is beyond the scope of this ARP.It should be noted the measurement of oxygen (O2) is generally accepted as essential for assessing data quality, but is not covered by this ARP. Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is normally not measured using conventional systems but is calculated from fuel sulfur content. Again this is not covered by this ARP. This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) provides a limited scope update regarding sampling probe information and the previous requirement that at least 80% of the total probe pressure drop be taken across orifices at the probe tips for multi-tip sampling probes where the samples are ganged together before measurement.Now that the same probes used for gas may also be used for nvPM measurements (ARP6320), sample inlet requirements for the nvPM system can make this 80% pressure drop requirement challenging in some situations.Both analytical and test data have shown that the 80% pressure drop is not necessary to achieve the goal of approximately equal flow through all sample ports, at the same probe inlet conditions thus achieving representative sampling. Other equally viable approaches, together with the carbon balance check, are recommended to achieve this goal.The sampling probe section has also been updated to improve clarity and include examples.Document formatting and editorial updates have been implemented to reflect current SAE standards for ARPs.
Author: E-31P Particulate Matter Committee
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) details the recommended process for correcting measured non-volatile Particulate Matter (nvPM) mass and number data for particle losses in the sampling and measurement system specified in ARP6320. This technique is only recommended for conditions where both nvPM mass and number concentration measurements are in the valid measurement ranges of the instruments which are discussed in the tool limitations section. This ARP also supplies an Excel® software tool with documentation to automate the process.The body of the ARP details the recommended calculation method, uncertainties and limitations of the system loss correction factors. It explains, in detail, the required inputs and outputs from the supplied Excel® software tool (developed on Windows 7, Excel® 2016). Also included are: The Excel® correction tools (Attachments I and V). Installation instructions for a Windows based computer (Attachment II). A user technical manual (Attachment III) describing functions used within the tool and optional Excel® add-in (Attachment VI). Multiple Sample Test Cases (Attachment IV).The Excel® tools are intended to do the full calculation described in AIR6504. This ARP provides documentation for the Excel® spreadsheet system loss tool lite version (nvPM System Loss Tool v2_5_Lite.xlsm). The difference between the full tool and lite tool is described in Appendix C. Attachments III and VI are also described in Appendix C. If the user has produced her/his own software for the AIR6504 correction, comparison of results from this tool may be used to verify that software.This ARP does not contain the full description of the sampling and measurement system described in ARP6320. The correction technique is only briefly discussed in this ARP. More detailed information is provided in the AIR6054. This SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) details the recommended process for estimating non-volatile Particulate Matter (nvPM) mass and number concentrations at the engine exhaust nozzle exit plane (EENEP) of an aircraft gas turbine engine. This ARP details the process for determining sampling and measurement system particle loss correction factors that will allow non-volatile Particulate Matter (nvPM) mass and number data measured at the ARP6320 [Reference 2.1.1.1] instruments to be adjusted to represent values at the engine exhaust nozzle exit plane. It also supplies an Excel® software tool with documentation to automate the process.The nvPM sampling and measurement system described in ARP6320 has significant size dependent particle losses. These can be up to approximately 50% for nvPM mass concentration and up to approximately 90% for nvPM number concentration. The particle losses are size dependent and hence are dependent on engine operating condition, combustor technology and possibly other factors. Estimation of EENEP nvPM mass and number concentrations is improved by accounting for these losses.AIR6504 [Reference 2.1.1.2] discusses nvPM loss mechanisms in detail. AIR6504 also summarizes the technique to estimate correction factors for measured nvPM mass and number concentrations, using measured nvPM data and measured, or calculated, line and component penetration efficiencies. The technique described in AIR6504 requires the numerical solution of a set of non-linear equations.This ARP6481 summarizes the loss correction factor calculation method discussed in AIR6504 and supplies an Excel® tool to solve the non-linear equations.
Author: E-31P Particulate Matter Committee
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) describes a method for assessing size dependent particle losses in a sampling and measurement system of specified geometry utilizing the non-volatile PM (nvPM) mass and number concentrations measured at the end of the sampling system.1 The penetration functions of the sampling and measurement system may be determined either by measurement or by analytic computational methods.Loss mechanisms including thermophoretic (which has a very weak size dependence) and size dependent losses are considered in this method2 along with the uncertainties due to both measurement error and the assumptions of the method. The results of this system loss assessment allow development of estimated correction factors for nvPM mass and number concentrations to account for the system losses facilitating estimation of the nvPM mass and number at the engine exhaust nozzle exit plane. As the particle losses are size dependent, the magnitude of correction factors can vary as a function of many factors including combustor technology and engine operating condition.Implementation of the nvPM sampling and measurement system for aircraft engine testing, as per AIR6037, requires a sample line of up to 35 m and includes several sampling and measurement system components, which result in significant particle loss on the order of 50% for nvPM mass and 90% for nvPM number.The system loss correction factors are estimated based on a model with the following inputs and assumptions: engine exhaust exit plane nvPM have a lognormal distribution, known size dependent values of nvPM effective density and geometric standard deviation, a minimum particle size cut-off of 10 nm, and no coagulation. This SAE Aerospace Information Report (AIR) describes a method for calculating correction factors to account for system particle losses when performing non-volatile Particulate Matter (nvPM) measurement as specified in AIR6037. Such sampling and measurement systems have significant line length and several components that result in particle losses. The particle losses are size dependent and hence depend on many factors including combustor technology and engine operating condition resulting in a reduction in measurement of the order of 50% for nvPM mass concentration and 90% for nvPM number concentration. Estimation of engine exit plane nvPM mass and number concentrations are improved by developing a calculation method to account for these losses. The approach used in this AIR will involve separate correction factors for measured nvPM mass and number concentrations, which will be calculated using measured or calculated line and component penetration efficiencies. These calculations will be based on assumptions of a lognormal particle size distribution at the engine exit with a known associated lognormal width, and an equivalent spherical particle shape with a corresponding known effective particle density. These resulting correction factors will then be used to estimate the total particle losses in the sampling and measurement system for nvPM mass and number, and will thus be used to infer the engine exit plane concentrations of nvPM mass and number. AIR6504 has been reaffirmed to comply with the SAE Five-Year Review policy.
Author: Society of Automobile Engineers
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Aircraft exhaust emissions
Languages : en
Pages : 19
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Book Description
Author: E-31P Particulate Matter Committee
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
This report provides current practice measurement methods for quantifying nonvolatile particle matter at the exit plane of aircraft gas turbine engines. This document contains detailed information for many instruments and techniques, described in AIR5892A, that have been applied in aircraft engine field tests since AIR5892A was first issued in April 2003. There are four sections, identified as Technical Appendices (TA), presenting measurement techniques, sampling, and quantification of nonvolatile particles. The sections are written in the format of Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) documents and intended to progress to recommended practices upon overcoming existing technical challenges. Many important technical advances have been accomplished that comprise the Aircraft Engine Exhaust Nonvolatile Particle Matter Measurement Method Development techniques described in TA A: Particle Mass,TA B: particle Number and Size,TA C: Particle Sampling, and TA D: Calculation of Particle Number and particle Mass Emission Indices.Various measurement methodologies and operability and compatibility issues are described within the TAs. The TAs briefly discuss degrees of sensitivity, accuracy, repeatability, and test operations acceptability for each measurement discipline. They reflect that many important technical advances have been accomplished for measurement techniques of nonvolatile particles. Additional research is required to transition the TAs to Aerospace Recommended Practices. AIR6037 addresses aircraft exhaust nonvolatile particulate matter (nvPM) measurement method development. It continues the documentation of the state-of-the-art in sampling and measurement technologies, initially captured in AIR5892, issued in 2004. Many of the instruments, techniques, and methods described in AIR6037 had matured through application in aircraft engine field tests, generally occurring in the 2003 to 2008 time frame.AIR6037 consists of technical appendices describing the technical advancements in particle mass, number and size measurement, particle sampling, and calculation of particle number and mass emission indices.Research and test campaigns have continued since AIR6037 was issued, in 2010, driving further development of the sampling system and some of the measurement instruments. These developments are described in a subsequent aerospace information report, AIR6241, issued in 2013.Because further improvements to both sampling system and measurement instrument components are contained in AIR6241, SAE E-31 Committee members have recommended stabilizing AIR6037 in order to maintain it as useful technical documentation in the progression of AIR5892, AIR6037, and AIR6241 toward the development of ARP6320.
Author: Brandon Craig Hoffman
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 132
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The SAE E-31 Aircraft Engine Gas & Particulate Emissions Measurement Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) 6320 {Ref. 17} describes procedures recommended for continuous sampling conditions and instrumentation for measurement of non-volatile particle number and mass emissions from the exhaust of aircraft gas turbine engines. Throughout the creation of the ARP, many tests were conducted to determine the best way to collect and measure non-volatile particulate matter from turbine engines to preserve sample integrity and minimize the losses through the system; including sampling, conditioning, and measurement. Based on the results of these tests, a system was built by Missouri University of Science and Technology (MS&T), which they own and operate. A few other in-house systems were built by other organizations, but it wasn't until Anstalt für Verbrennungskraftmaschinen List (AVL) of Graz, Austria started to produce and manufacture an ARP6320 compliant sampling system that it was commercially available for purchase. The first prototype was delivered to Arnold Engineering Development Complex. Even though the AVL sampling system and the MS&T sampling system are compliant with the ARP6320, there were some differences between the two systems which begged the question, will each system produce the same or similar results? The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) VAriable Response In Aircraft Non-Volatile Particulate Matter Testing (VARIAnT) 2 was established to answer these questions and more. This thesis concentrates on a small portion of this test campaign, specifically the ability of the systems to transport non-volatile or carbon black particles to instruments for measurement of mass, number, and size. The ratio of non-volatile particle concentration entering and leaving a sampling and measurement system segment is the Penetration Fraction which is the focus of this thesis. The results in this thesis and other comparisons to the model have shown close correlation within the measurement uncertainties of 14%. The penetration efficiency model used in this work was developed by UTRC and has been improved over the years to account for various differences between measured and predicted. Using the results presented in this thesis, the UTRC model presents a better alternative to the measurements of the penetration efficiencies for the ARP compliant sampling systems.
