Phosphorus Sorption by California Coastal Soils as Related to P Extracted with Olsen and Bray Reagents, P Absorption by and Growth of Tomato Plants PDF Download
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Author: Antonio Fernando Magalhães
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Acid soils
Languages : en
Pages : 176
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Author: Antonio Fernando Magalhães
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Acid soils
Languages : en
Pages : 176
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Author: Stewart Gordon Wilson
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781658416931
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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This work focuses on the distribution, management and pedological underpinnings of phosphorus biogeochemistry in California. Phosphorus (P) is a critical element to the function of life on earth, an essential component of a myriad of biomolecules, a vital plant nutrient, and a non-renewable resource. Its distribution defines plant communities, its deficiency drives symbiosis, and its availability is critical for global food security. The multiple negative charges of phosphate, that drive its utility as a critical biochemical element, also make it a dynamic biogeochemical element, with P binding strongly to soil colloids such as Fe/Al-(hydr)oxides and poorly crystalline allophane and imogolite. This work leverages the soil forming factors to predictively map soil P in California vineyard soils, investigates the influence of climate and lithology on soil P fractions, and highlights compost application strategies in a truncated California vineyard soil thought to be P fixing. Chapter one investigates composts, and compost application rates, to improve vine performance in a degraded vineyard soil in the Red Hills American Viticulture Area (AVA) of North Coast California. Previously, chemical fertilization had not remediated the underperforming vines. We sought to use a soil health, or soil system approach to improve vine performance, as composts can be expected to have biological, physical and chemical benefits to soils. This chapter highlights a two-year experiment on the effect of compost application rate on soil health, vine growth, harvest characteristics (berry weights, per vine yields and cluster weights), and juice quality in a cabernet sauvignon vineyard. Compost was applied at three rates (11.2, 22.4 and 33.6 t/ha) as a single dose before the 2012 growing season. Petioles were sampled at bloom, per vine yields, berry weights, cluster weights taken at harvest, and pruning weights and soils sampled post-harvest in the 2012 and 2013 growing seasons. Berry weights, pruning weights and yields increased with compost application rate. Compost improved most soil properties, and reduced P sorption. Vine petiole nutrients (N,P,K) were significantly increased from compost application in both years. Vine balance (ratio of pruning weights to per vine yield) and juice characteristics (pH, total soluble solids and titratable acidity) were not affected by compost application rate. We conclude that significant multi-year benefits to soil health, vine nutrient status, yields and vine performance can be achieved in degraded vineyard soils from a single dose of compost at a higher application rate (22.4 and 33.6 t/ha) without compromising juice characteristics or vine balance. Chapter two investigates how soil forming factors, particularly climate and lithology, influence P biogeochemistry. The dominant paradigm of the fate of P during pedogenesis has focused on one pedogenic state factor, time, as the driving force of P distribution. The objective of this study was to integrate climate, and especially lithology, into the concept of P transformations across a pedogenic gradient. We suggest that the fate of P is not only linear with time, but multidimensional integrating all pedogenic state factors. We investigate P fractions and pedogenic Fe and Al across three bedrock lithologies spanning 2150 m in elevation and four bioclimatic zones corresponding to the dominant tree species, red fir (RF), white fir (WF), ponderosa pine (PP), and oak-woodland (OK). Soils become more weathered descending the gradient, with peak Fe-(hydr)oxide production in mid-elevation sites (PP). In basalt and andesite, colloids transition from poorly crystalline Fe-(hydr)oxides and allophane/imogolite to more crystalline Fe-(hydr)oxides and kaolin clays descending the transect. Parent materials represent a large gradient of P contents, ranging from 131 mg P per kg in granite to more than 1500 mg P per kg in andesite. This range of parent material elemental compositions, as well as the range of degrees of chemical weathering and suites of clay minerals, allowed for a unique investigation of the effect of climate and lithology on the fate of soil P across a pedogenic gradient. Lithology significantly influenced most P fractions. For example, granite soils were uniformly high in labile inorganic P (Pi), despite having the lowest rock P, owing to much lower Fe-oxide production. Ca-Pi (presumable apatite) declined in basalt and andesite with increased weathering, but was unchanged in granite, leading to granite being higher in Ca-Pi than all other rock types in the zone of intense weathering (PP). P occluded in metal oxides or recalcitrant organic forms provide the best example of differential effects of the weathering gradient on P dynamics. P occlusion increased with increased weathering in basalt, declined with increased weathering in andesite and was unchanged in granite. Declines in P occlusion with increased weathering in andesite is contrary to the dominant paradigm of progressive P occlusion with increased weathering and is due to conversion of high surface area poorly crystalline colloids to more crystalline Fe/Al-(hydr)oxides and kaolin minerals with increased weathering. In basalt, advanced chemical weathering leads to extensive crystalline Fe-(hydr)oxide production and greater P occlusion. Granite was much less chemically weathered, had relatively less pedogenic Fe-(hydr)oxide production and lacked appreciable poorly crystalline colloids, which led to lower P occlusion. Chapter two findings highlight the differential effect of climate on disparate rock types, leading to differential chemical weathering effects, different suites of clay minerals, and distinct differences in the effect of pedogenesis on P fractions. Chapter three takes a predictive soil mapping (PSM) approach to map P availability and sorption in California vineyard soils. This chapter uses soil samples, raster-based proxies for soil forming factors, soil attributes from the USDA soil survey database (SSURGO), three machine learning algorithms (MLA), and two different MLA ensemble techniques to investigate the distribution of P availability and sorption in California vineyard soils. 141 pedons were sampled across California vineyards and analyzed for Olsen P and a P-sorption index (PSI). Sampled soil attributes were aggregated by two depth weighted averages (0-30 cm and 30-100 cm). Base models included random forest (RF), extreme gradient boosting (XGB) and Cubist. Models were ensembled with two methods, an arithmetic combination of base models weighted by their R2 or a linear combination of base models via a generalized linear model. Ensembled models generally outperformed base models. Both depths (0-30 cm and 30-100 cm) of PSI were effectively modeled with a PSM framework (R2=0.68-0.73). Both depths of Olsen P were less effectively modeled (R2=0.46-0.56). Mapped predictions highlight regional trends in P distribution and potential differences in regional nutrient management strategies. Areas of high P sorption and acute P deficiency were predicted in upland volcanic soils of the Sierra Foothills AVA and North Coast AVA. In areas of Lodi AVA, soils were P deficient but only moderately P fixing, whereas in the volcanic uplands of Napa AVA soils were both P deficient and P fixing. This highlights site specific nutrient management strategies, with lower doses of P fertilizer required to overcome P deficiency in moderately P fixing Lodi soils versus highly P fixing soils of the Napa AVA. Model predictions of Olsen P revealed significant areas of critically deficient subsoils, highlighting the importance of soil conservation in these regions. P sorption was very effectively modeled with the PSM framework. P sorption is tied to Fe/Al-(hydr)oxides, which are strongly driven by the interaction of soil forming factors. Soil properties that can be tied to soil forming factors, such as PSI, can be more effectively predicted with a PSM framework than more dynamic soil properties, such as Olsen P, that are strongly driven by management. Results of this chapter highlight differences in regional nutrient management strategies and further contemporary machine learning based approaches to predictively map soil P.
Author: Hassan Suliman Ibrahim
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Soil chemistry
Languages : en
Pages : 358
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Author: James David Rhoades
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 246
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Author: Jose Fernando Araos
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Soils
Languages : en
Pages : 122
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The objectives of this study were to evaluate and compare the availability of native and applied P in Central Oregon pumice soils with that in Willamette valley soils and calcareous soils from Eastern Oregon. The experimental work to meet these objectives included laboratory and greenhouse studies. The removal of P from solutions in one hour of eqilibration was much greater in the Willamette valley soils than in the pumice soils, and greater in the pumice soils than in the calcareous soils from Eastern Oregon. The ratio between the P removal by the Willamette valley soils and the removal by the pumice soils increased with the rate of P application, while the ratio between the removal by the pumice soils and that by the calcareous soils was fairly constant at different rates of P application. Generally more P was extracted from these soils by the method of Bray N[superscript o][subscript -]1 than by the methods of Olsen 1:10 (soil to extractant ratio = 10) and Olsen 1:20, and more P by these methods than by that of Morgan. On the Willamette valley soils the method of Olsen 1:20 extracted about 1.5 times the amount of P extracted by the Olsen 1:10 method, on the pumice soils the Olsen 1:20 method extracted slightly more P than the Olsen 1:10 method, while on the calcareous soils the Olsen 1:10 method extracted almost the same amount of P as the method of Olsen 1:20. When Morgan's procedure was compared with the methods of Bray N[superscript o][subscript -]1 and both Olsen's procedures, it extracted proportionally more P on the calcareous soils than on the pumice soils, and more P on the pumice soils than on the Willamette valley soils. With any group of soils and with all the soils considered together the values of available P obtained by the methods of Olsen 1:10, Olsen 1:20, and Bray N[superscript o][subscript -]1 were highly correlated. The correlation between the method of Morgan and the methods of Olsen 1:10, Olsen 1:20, and Bray N[superscript o][subscript -]1 varied with the group of soils considered, being higher on the Willamette valley soils and lower on the calcareous soils. In greenhouse experiments with oats, P applications did not increase yields but did increase the %P and mg. P/pot in the tops of plants. In most of the experiments, particularly those with the pumice and the calcareous soils, the oat plants showed disorder symptoms which increased with P application. It is possible that these symptoms had been related to an interaction between P and one or more essential nutrients. In the greenhouse experiments with subterranean clover, no disorder symptoms were observed, P application increased yield and %P in tops in almost all the experiments, and the mg. P/pot in all the experiments. Simple correlation coefficients between available P values by different methods and the percent P in tops and the mg. P/pot were in most cases high, but varied depending on the method, effect considered, and crop. The correlation values obtained by the method of Morgan were more variable than those obtained by the Olsen 1:10, Olsen 1:20, and Bray N[superscript o][subscript -]1 methods. The recovery of P applied to the soils was measured by short equilibration with P solutions, by the methods of Olsen 1:10, Olsen 1:20, Bray N[superscript o][subscript -]1, and Morgan, and by oats and subterranean clover in the greenhouse. These different procedures were generally in good agreement with respect to the relative recovery of P from the different soils. The recovery was larger in the calcareous soils, followed by the pumice soils, and last by the Willamette valley soils. The difference in recovery between the calcareous and the pumice soils was smaller than the difference between the pumice and the Willamette valley soils. In most cases a slightly larger percent of the added P was recovered at the rate of 50 ppm. P application than at the rate of 25 ppm. P. The recovery by plants in the greenhouse was more variable than the recovery by the laboratory methods in this respect. Among the different procedures used to measure the recovery of P, both by chemical extraction and by plants in the greenhouse, the highest recovery was obtained by the method of Bray N[superscript o][subscript -]1 and the smallest recovery was obtained by the method of Morgan.
Author: Sara Acevedo Godoy
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781321607840
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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The first chapter of this thesis is focused on the relationship between two common soil tests for available phosphorus (Mehlich 3 and Olsen) and andic soil properties present in soils from Northern California. Olsen P is the most commonly used test in the area, but Mehlich 3 is becoming more common. Fertilizer P recommendations have been developed primarily for Olsen P, and the correlation with Mehlich 3 test results are not completely clear. Our objective was to compare Olsen and Mehlich 3 P values to help provide guidelines for P recommendations based on Mehlich 3 P results. We analyzed a set of 97 samples from six archived pedons (13An to 18An) and 12 pedons (1V to 12K) from Big, Fall River and Cayton Valleys in Northern California. In addition, we evaluated the presence of andic properties or isotic mineralogy in soils from these valleys, to assess the potential to fix soil P in this area. Olsen P ranged from 0.5 to 29.0 mg kg−1 (mean of 7.3±7), and Mehlich 3 P ranged from 2 to 84 mg kg−1 (mean of 19.3±19). Overall, the Mehlich 3 test extracted about 30% more than Olsen P, and the two test results were significantly correlated (r2=0.56,p0.02). Both tests revealed a P accumulation in all the surface soils, most likely due to fertilizer P, and possible P biocycling. The average % P-retention was 26 ± 9.9%, ranged from 8 to 91 %. Also, we could confirm the presence of isotic mineralogy in one site in the valley. Multivariable statistical analyses, including Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) and Principal Components Analysis (PCA) show a statistically significant relationship between both tests of available P and pH, carbonates, and total clay. In the Chapter 2 we discuss about the specific capacity of P adsorption in these soils. Phosphate sorption studies were carried out at acid conditions (pH 4.5) on topsoils from agricultural soils from Big, Fall River, and Cayton Valleys and Andisols located in Northern California. All of the soils formed from volcanic parent materials and express a range of andic or andic-like properties. Our aim was to study the relationship between maximum phosphate adsorption (q[subscript max]) and different soil chemical properties of these soils. The correlation of the sorption capacity with the soil properties of the samples showed that q[subscript max] in this set of samples depends on two main factors: total C and oxalate-extractable Al (Alo). The soils retained between 239 mg P kg−1 (Typic Durixerolls) and 19,256 mg P kg−1 (Pachic Melanoxerands). Overall, Andisols with lower pH and PZC, and high Alo content and total C had the greatest P-sorption capacity as estimated by q[subscript max] from the Langmuir equation. On average, the Andisols sorbed about seven times more P than the valleys samples. In addition, our findings suggest that Feo compounds and clay content may play a minor role in P sorption. Finally, Chapter 3 is focused on archived soil samples. These samples provide an opportunity for comparison, re-analysis, and long-term soil studies. Several studies have detailed the long-term effects on the soil properties of archived samples, mainly decreases in pH, organic matter and microbial communities, little information about potential changes in andic soil properties has been reported. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of long-term storage on andic soil properties of archived soil samples. In the present work, 34 air-dried archived soil samples stored for 28 years were re-analyzed with the same, or an equivalent, method before storage. All samples were from soils classified as Andisols or from other associated soils that met one or more andic criteria. Results show that soil pH, NaF pH, P retention, particle size distribution, total C, Ald, Fed Feo, and Sio did not change significantly (p
Author: Klaus Peter Raven
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Soils
Languages : en
Pages : 388
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Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Agricultural ecology
Languages : en
Pages : 368
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Author: Thomas A. Doerge
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Soils
Languages : en
Pages : 236
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A diversity in climate, geologic parent material, and soil characteristics exist in Jackson, Josephine, Coos, and Douglas Counties of southwest Oregon. Previous field trials and soil testing results have revealed uncertainties as to the phosphorus (P) status of the soils in this area. Twenty-four sites from nine agriculturally significant soil series in southwest Oregon were studied. Soils were selected on the basis of the parent material from which they were derived, either granitic, basaltic, or sedimentary. A greenhouse pot study with Yamhill wheat as the indicator plant was used in conjunction with a modified Change and Jackson P fractionation procedure to determine the forms of soil P which were most available to plants. The organic-P content of each soil was also determined. The aluminum P (Al-P) and iron P (Fe-P) fractions were the most highly correlated plant available P on most soils, although the organic P fraction of the Coos County soils appeared to be an important source of plant P. The Bray P1 dilute acid-fluoride, Olsen 0.5 M NaHCO3, and Morgan's NaOAc P soil tests were used to estimate plant available P. The Bray P1 and Olsen soil test values were more highly correlated to P uptake by wheat and yield response to P fertilizer than the NaOAc soil test values. The Bray P1 test was more sensitive than the Olsen test at relatively low soil test values. Also only the Bray P1 soil test values were significantly correlated to the organic-P content of the Coos County soils. These results indicate that of the three procedures studied, the Bray P1 method is probably best suited for the estimation of plant available P in the mineral soils of southwestern Oregon.
Author: M. A. Tabatabai
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 752
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