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Author: Jay J. Gan
Publisher: American Chemical Society
ISBN:
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 288
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Book Description
This book explores chemical and biological means to decontaminate and detoxify pesticides and biocides. It contains new studies and concise reviews, and encompasses molecular engineering at one end, and field applications at the other.
Author: Jay J. Gan
Publisher: American Chemical Society
ISBN:
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 288
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Book Description
This book explores chemical and biological means to decontaminate and detoxify pesticides and biocides. It contains new studies and concise reviews, and encompasses molecular engineering at one end, and field applications at the other.
Author: Maurice V. Kennedy
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Pesticides
Languages : en
Pages : 176
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Book Description
Author: Jules Pretty
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1136552790
Category : Nature
Languages : en
Pages : 317
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Book Description
Since the 1960s, the world's population has more than doubled and agricultural production per person has increased by a third. Yet this growth in production has masked enormous hidden costs arising from widespread pesticide use - massive ecological damage and high incidences of farmer poisoning and chronic health effects. Whereas once the risks involved with pesticide use were judged to be outweighed by the potential benefits, increasingly the external costs of pesticides, to environments and human health, are being seen as unacceptable. In response to this trend, recent years have seen millions of farmers in communities around the world reduce their use of harmful pesticides and develop cheaper and safer alternatives. The Pesticide Detox explores the potential for the phasing-out of hazardous pesticides and the phasing-in of cost effective alternatives already available on the market. This book makes clear that it is time to start the pesticide detox and to move towards a more sustainable agriculture.
Author: Logeshwaran Panneerselvan
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Agricultural chemicals
Languages : en
Pages : 172
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Book Description
Organophosphorus compounds constitute the class of xenobiotic chemicals used in the production of plasticizers, air fuel ingredients, warfare agents and pesticides. Organophosphorus (OP) pesticides are generally used to control insect pests that can damage agriculture, horticulture, livestock and human health. Organophosphorus pesticides are generally neurotoxic in nature which causes paralysis, convulsions and ultimately the death of an organism. OP pesticides can result in lethal effects on non-target organisms like birds, animals, aquatic organisms and mammals including human beings. Indiscriminate and excessive production and usage of organophosphorus pesticides results in the contamination of ecosystems. Since OP pesticides are very toxic to aquatic organisms and wildlife, serious concerns about the environmental fate of these chemicals are increasing. Hence effective and safe decontamination strategies are needed for dealing with OP pesticide contamination. Microorganisms play a vital role in the decontamination of OP pesticides in that they utilize OP pesticides as carbon and energy sources and also as nutrient. Phosphotriesterases are enzymes comprising organophosphorus hydrolase, while methyl parathion hydrolase and organophosphorus acid anhydrolase produced by microbes are involved in the decontamination of OP pesticides. Hydrolysis of OP pesticides by the enzyme produced by microorganisms is a critical detoxification process. This study aimed to isolate, purify, identify and clone enzymes responsible for the hydrolysis of OP pesticides, fenamiphos and malathion.
Author: M-A Armour
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Chlorine bleach
Languages : en
Pages : 12
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Book Description
The safe clean-up of pesticide spills in the workplace and decontamination of equipment and clothing are important in minimizing pesticide exposure. The objectives of the research were: to develop a detoxification procedure for chlorpyrifos which would enable safe clean-up on the job site; to determine if a 3-hour chlorine bleach pretreatment of fabrics contaminated with dilute chlorpyrifos is as effective in pesticide removal from 65/35 polyester/cotton as from 100% cotton; and to determine whether the chlorine bleach pretreatment is effective for removal of concentrated chlorpyrifos residues. The researchers make specific recommendations for chlorine bleach detoxification of chlorpyrifos, and for use of a bleach/soak laundry protocol for removal of dilute chlorpyrifos from cotton and polyester/cotton. Concentrated chlorpyrifos cannot be effectively removed from either fabric by laundering.
Author: Ralf Trapp
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN:
Category : Design
Languages : en
Pages : 124
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Book Description
Bogen omhandler afgiftning og den naturlige nedbrydning af de almindeligst kendte kemiske kampmidler, senneps- og nervegasser, og problemerne omkring dekontaminering under feltforhold og i civilforsvaret.
Author: A. P. Dillon
Publisher: William Andrew
ISBN:
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 616
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Book Description
Author: Dang-Quang Hung
Publisher:
ISBN: 9783898203814
Category : Organochlorine compounds
Languages : en
Pages : 178
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Book Description
Author: Francis A. Gunther
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1461584558
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 216
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Book Description
That residues of pesticide and other "foreign" chemicals in food stuffs are of concern to everyone everywhere is amply attested by the reception accorded previous volumes of "Residue Reviews" and by the gratifying enthusiasm, sincerity, and efforts shown by all the in dividuals from whom manuscripts have been solicited. Despite much propaganda to the contrary, there can never be any serious question that pest-control chemicals and food-additive chemicals are essential to adequate food production, manufacture, marketing, and storage, yet without continuing surveillance and intelligent control some of those that persist in our foodstuffs could at times conceivably endanger the public health. Ensuring safety-in-use of these many chemicals is a dynamic challenge, for established ones are continually being dis placed by newly developed ones more acceptable to food tech nologists, pharmacologists, toxicologists, and changing pest-control requirements in progressive food-producing economies. These matters are of genuine concern to increasing numbers of governmental agencies and legislative bodies around the world, for some of these chemicals have resulted in a few mishaps from improper use. Adequate safety-in-use evaluations of any of these chemicals per sisting into our foodstuffs are not simple matters, and they incorporate the considered judgments of many individuals highly trained in a variety of complex biological, chemical, food technological, medical, pharmacological, and toxicological disciplines.
Author: Rory James Kern
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
There are some 15,000 known organophosphorus chemicals. Some of these OP's, including VX and paraoxon, demonstrate an acute neurotoxicity due to the inhibition of cholinergic enzymes. Organophosphorus chemical warfare agents and pesticide neurotoxins are subject to hydrolysis by OP degrading enzymes. To be useful as a bioremediation or anti-chemical warfare agent, the enzyme must be tailored for, and integrated into, a practical application platform. Several studies have established enzyme-based countermeasures, describing such diverse applications as decontaminating foams for surface remediation, encapsulating enzyme with liposome for in vivo therapy, enzyme attachments to surfaces for biosensors and development of a corn expression system for large-scale enzyme production. The goal of the research described here is to select, investigate and improve the operational potential of organophosphate-degrading enzymes including Organophosphorus Hydrolase (OPH, 3.1.8.1) and Organophosphorus Acid Anhydrolase (OPAA, 3.1.8.2). Using saturation kinetics, the catalytic efficiencies of these two major detoxification enzymes were characterized with substrates representing each class of OP neurotoxin, phosphotriester, phosphothioate and phosphofluoridate. OPH presents superior kinetic parameters with each OP class tested. Variants of OPH were created to increase the operational effectiveness of OP hydrolytic enzymes against phosphorothioates. An H254S/H257L mutation in the active site resulted in an improvement in the kinetics (kcat/KM) for the phosphorothioate, demeton-S. To screen potential vascular protection therapies, an in vitro protocol was developed to predict enzymatic effectiveness for protection of acetylcholinesterase from acute OP-inhibition. The protection abilities of the enzymes were directly related to their second order rate constants as inhibitory levels of OP are below the KM of the enzymes. Consideration of contaminant nature concentration and enzyme kinetic parameters, kcat and KM, is critical to understanding decontamination and effective use of enzyme technology. These technologies continue to develop and provide promising new decontamination tools for OP compounds.
