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Author: Qian Zhang
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
ISBN: 2832543995
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 146
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Book Description
Author: Qian Zhang
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
ISBN: 2832543995
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 146
Get Book Here
Book Description
Author: Jean K. Whelan
Publisher: Columbia University Press
ISBN: 9780231501262
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 566
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Book Description
Sediments from the world's ocean floors and other water body basins hold a wealth of information about organic life as we know it. Organic Matter: Productivity, Accumulation, and Preservation in Recent and Ancient Sediments addresses focusing on the production, accumulation, and preservation of organic matter in marine and lacustrine sediments. Contributors to this important monograph cover a range of geologic ages from recent times back to the Permian Era, as well as temperature and organic matter types. This resource book will be of interest and benefit to petroleum explorationists and researchers, as well as oceanographers, marine and environmental scientists, sedimentologists, geochemists and paleontologists.
Author: Brayton Avery Pew
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
The Woodford Shale is an organic-rich formation found in southern Oklahoma and Kansas and has been extensively studied due to recent advancements in hydrocarbon recovery in mudrock successions. The controls on organic matter formation and preservation within the Woodford are not entirely clear in southern Oklahoma, but previous work points towards upwelling and anoxic bottom-waters as leading factors for the high organic content. This study was performed on a Woodford Shale outcrop located along Interstate 35 (mile marker 44) in Carter County, Oklahoma and contains the middle and upper Woodford succession. The integration of facies and chemical analyses, including hand-held X-ray fluorescence (HHXRF), inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and total organic carbon (TOC), were performed to construct sedimentologic-chemostratigraphic logs that allowed the establishment of a stratigraphic framework and evaluation of depositional parameters such as detrital input, primary productivity, and degree of oxygenation during the accumulation of the studied succession. The I-35 Woodford Shale outcrop can be divided into three main sequences (1, 2, and 3, from base to top), with sequences 2 and 3 further subdivided into subsequences (A and B), based on changes in chemostratigraphic indices proxies for detrital input, primary productivity, and degree of oxygenation, and accompanied facies associations. Sequence 1 is characterized by distal, pelagic settling sediments with 12-13% TOC deposited under conditions of stable anoxia/euxinia, with low-moderate primary productivity. Sequence 2A is defined by interbedded pelagic and hemipelagic deposits with TOC between 7-11%. It was deposited in more oxic environments because of decreased water depths, resulting in less preservation of organics. The continued accumulation of pelagic and hemipelagic deposits in Sequence 2B is accompanied by increased primary productivity following an increase in nutrient supply from upwelling and continental waters, which resulted in organic contents of about 12%. The hemipelagic deposits of Sequence 3A display the highest TOC in the entire succession (14-20%), as a consequence of productivity boosts due to riverine nutrient input, despite the presence of overall oxic bottom waters with occasional anoxic events. Sequence 3B accumulated in a low to moderately productive environment under strongly anoxic conditions, resulting in the lowest TOC in the entire section (2-8%). The detailed study of the I-35 Woodford Shale outcrop indicates that high organic content (TOC>10%) is found in settings where primary productivity is high, regardless of the bottom-water conditions. Primary productivity was boosted by riverine nutrient input associated with shallowing waters. The results of this study suggest that organic flux is more important than anoxia in the burial of organics in the sediments, with anoxia oftentimes being a consequence of high organic flux.
Author: Elisabeth Lallier-Verges
Publisher: Springer
ISBN:
Category : Nature
Languages : en
Pages : 208
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Book Description
The accumulation of organic matter allows inferences about a wide selection of processes in the geological past. The Kimmeridge Clay Formation (Yorkshire, U.K.) can be regarded as a model of the formation of hydrocarbon source rocks. The driving force of organic matter accumulation is the organic phytoplankton productivity, whereas oxygenation conditions seem to have played a secondary role. In Lake Bouchet (French Massif Central) organic matter appears to be a good indicator of paleoenvironmental changes occurring for over 350000 years. The book is of special interest to geologists and geochemists interested in organic matter accumulation.
Author: P. B. Wignall
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Nature
Languages : en
Pages : 152
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Book Description
Black shales provides the first comprehensive synthesis of the diverse research regarding the origin of petroleum source rocks. The book offers in-depth reviews from the fields sedimentology, palaeoecology, and geochemistry, and particularly focuses on the influence of palaeo-oxygen levels. Current debates--including the one over the influence of sedimentation rate, productivity, and enhanced preservation on the burial efficiency of organic carbon--receive a lively discussion. In addition, the importance of newly defined concepts of sequence stratigraphy to models of the formation of black shales receives an in-depth treatment for the first time. The book will be of interest to all geologists investigating palaeoenvironments, particularly those engaged in the search for hydrocarbons.
Author: Geoffrey Eglinton
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 3642877346
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 850
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Book Description
For many years, the subject matter encompassed by the title of this book was largely limited to those who were interested in the two most economically important organic materials found buried in the Earth, namely, coal and petroleum. The point of view of any discussions which might occur, either in scientific meetings or in books that have been written, was, therefore, dominated largely by these interests. A great change has occurred in the last decade. This change had as its prime mover our growing knowledge of the molecular architecture of biological systems which, in turn, gave rise to a more legitimate asking of the question: "How did life come to be on the surface of the Earth?" A second motivation arose when the possibilities for the exploration of planets other than the Earth-the moon, Mars, and other parts of the solar system-became a reality. Thus the question of the possible existence of life elsewhere than on Earth conceivably could be answered.
Author: Xuan Qin
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
Organic-rich shales can serve as both source rocks and reservoir rocks. They are becoming increasingly important exploration and exploitation targets; however our knowledge of organic-rich shale properties is poor. Mudrock line (Castagna et al., 1985) suggests that Vp/Vs ratios of shale are around 2, but Vp/Vs ratios of organic-rich shale vary from 1.5 to 1.7. What remains to be studied is what factors impact this difference. Understanding Vp-Vs relations for organic-rich source rock is vital for seismic characterization of shale reservoirs. This thesis explores several issues related to Vp-Vs relations of organic-rich shale, such as Vp/Vs ratio, P-wave and S-wave velocity anisotropies, and three Poisson's ratios in a TI medium. Parameters that affect the Vp/Vs ratio in organic-rich shale are studied in two parts: mineralogy and organic matter. First, we studied Vp/Vs ratios, P-impedance, and velocity anisotropies in three types of organic-rich shales: silica-rich, clay-rich, and calcareous shales. Vp/Vs ratios change with mineral composition. A simple two-layer model built with the Backus average is used to explain why silica-rich shale has the highest shear anisotropy and calcareous shale has the highest P-wave anisotropy among the three types of organic-rich shale. Well logging data are utilized to separate the effects of quartz, clay, and calcite on Vp/Vs, P-impedance, and density. Second, total organic carbon (TOC) and maturation of organic matter significantly affect shale properties, because of a large contrast between elastic properties of the organic and inorganic components. Basin and maturation models are built to simulate hydrocarbon generation during organic-rich shale evolution, which provides us the fundamentals for analyzing products and their concentrations in different maturation stages. The effect of organic matter with different maturity levels on immature, mature, and overmature shale properties are studied with rock physics models, which are based on effective medium theory. The immature and mature shale modeled results are plotted with the Bakken shale samples, which increase the credibility of the overmature model. The modeling results suggest that higher maturity level and TOC lead to lower Vp/Vs ratio and stronger anisotropy. When TOC is high, maturity level dominates; when TOC is low, TOC dominates.
Author: Nicholas Bennett Harris
Publisher: SEPM Soc for Sed Geology
ISBN:
Category : Nature
Languages : en
Pages : 296
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Book Description
Depositional models for organic-carbon-rich sediments have been the subjects of both great interest and great controversy for many years. These sediments serve as the ultimate source of virtually all oil and gas. They also represent the interface between biological and geological processes and provide critical evidence for the state of the atmosphere and oceans. Yet despite their importance and decades of research, the origin of these sediments remains the source of vigorous disagreement. The twelve papers in this volume represent the cutting edge of research in this topic. They explore the origin of organic-carbon-rich sediments through a variety of techniques, including sedimentology, geochemistry, paleontology and computer modeling. All papers take multidisciplinary approaches to the topic, and together, they demonstrate the complex interconnected processes that trigger the deposition of organic carbon. This book will appeal to geoscientists in many disciplines, including explorers for petroleum who need models for source rock deposition, organic and inorganic geochemists who study processes in water and sediment, sedimentologists who interpret ancient deposition environments, and climatologists and oceanographers who reconstruct the behavior of the ancient atmosphere and oceans.
Author: K. J. Schulz
Publisher: Geological Survey
ISBN: 9781411339910
Category : Industrial minerals
Languages : en
Pages : 868
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Book Description
As the importance and dependence of specific mineral commodities increase, so does concern about their supply. The United States is currently 100 percent reliant on foreign sources for 20 mineral commodities and imports the majority of its supply of more than 50 mineral commodities. Mineral commodities that have important uses and face potential supply disruption are critical to American economic and national security. However, a mineral commodity's importance and the nature of its supply chain can change with time; a mineral commodity that may not have been considered critical 25 years ago may be critical today, and one considered critical today may not be so in the future. The U.S. Geological Survey has produced this volume to describe a select group of mineral commodities currently critical to our economy and security. For each mineral commodity covered, the authors provide a comprehensive look at (1) the commodity's use; (2) the geology and global distribution of the mineral deposit types that account for the present and possible future supply of the commodity; (3) the current status of production, reserves, and resources in the United States and globally; and (4) environmental considerations related to the commodity's production from different types of mineral deposits. The volume describes U.S. critical mineral resources in a global context, for no country can be self-sufficient for all its mineral commodity needs, and the United States will always rely on global mineral commodity supply chains. This volume provides the scientific understanding of critical mineral resources required for informed decisionmaking by those responsible for ensuring that the United States has a secure and sustainable supply of mineral commodities.
Author: Feng Yang
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 9789819753604
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
This book systematically investigates the depositional process and reservoir characteristics of organic-rich shales, including (1) The types and development mechanisms of organic-rich shales under ancient ocean and climatic backgrounds. Schematic models are proposed to understand the organic matter enrichment and depletion in shale systems. (2) Microstructure and petrophysical properties. The general lithofacies are recognized and linked to the depositional setting and petrophysical properties. Full-scale pores and fractures are characterized using FE-SEM, gas adsorption, nano-CT and micro-CT scanning. (3) Brittle-ductile characteristics. Rock mechanical properties and in-situ stress are determined. The brittle-ductile transformation of shales is discussed. (4) Shale gas occurrence state and differential enrichment. Gas content and dynamic dissipation over geological time are evaluated using sorption experiments and numerical simulation. Shale gas enrichment model is developed to understand the gas differential accumulation in organic-rich shales. This book can be used for reference by researchers engaged in shale oil and gas geology in both academics and industry.
