Author: Martin Walker
Publisher: State University of New York Oer Services
ISBN: 9781641760317
Category : Chemistry, Organic
Languages : en
Pages : 382
Book Description
Organic Chemistry 1
Author: Martin Walker
Publisher: State University of New York Oer Services
ISBN: 9781641760317
Category : Chemistry, Organic
Languages : en
Pages : 382
Book Description
Publisher: State University of New York Oer Services
ISBN: 9781641760317
Category : Chemistry, Organic
Languages : en
Pages : 382
Book Description
Organic Chemistry I For Dummies
Author: Arthur Winter
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1119296579
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 472
Book Description
Organic Chemistry I For Dummies, 2nd Edition (9781119293378) was previously published as Organic Chemistry I For Dummies, 2nd Edition (9781118828076). While this version features a new Dummies cover and design, the content is the same as the prior release and should not be considered a new or updated product. The easy way to take the confusion out of organic chemistry Organic chemistry has a long-standing reputation as a difficult course. Organic Chemistry I For Dummies takes a simple approach to the topic, allowing you to grasp concepts at your own pace. This fun, easy-to-understand guide explains the basic principles of organic chemistry in simple terms, providing insight into the language of organic chemists, the major classes of compounds, and top trouble spots. You'll also get the nuts and bolts of tackling organic chemistry problems, from knowing where to start to spotting sneaky tricks that professors like to incorporate. Refreshed example equations New explanations and practical examples that reflect today's teaching methods Fully worked-out organic chemistry problems Baffled by benzines? Confused by carboxylic acids? Here's the help you need—in plain English!
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1119296579
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 472
Book Description
Organic Chemistry I For Dummies, 2nd Edition (9781119293378) was previously published as Organic Chemistry I For Dummies, 2nd Edition (9781118828076). While this version features a new Dummies cover and design, the content is the same as the prior release and should not be considered a new or updated product. The easy way to take the confusion out of organic chemistry Organic chemistry has a long-standing reputation as a difficult course. Organic Chemistry I For Dummies takes a simple approach to the topic, allowing you to grasp concepts at your own pace. This fun, easy-to-understand guide explains the basic principles of organic chemistry in simple terms, providing insight into the language of organic chemists, the major classes of compounds, and top trouble spots. You'll also get the nuts and bolts of tackling organic chemistry problems, from knowing where to start to spotting sneaky tricks that professors like to incorporate. Refreshed example equations New explanations and practical examples that reflect today's teaching methods Fully worked-out organic chemistry problems Baffled by benzines? Confused by carboxylic acids? Here's the help you need—in plain English!
Principles of Organic Chemistry
Author: Robert J. Ouellette
Publisher: Academic Press
ISBN: 0128026340
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 498
Book Description
Class-tested and thoughtfully designed for student engagement, Principles of Organic Chemistry provides the tools and foundations needed by students in a short course or one-semester class on the subject. This book does not dilute the material or rely on rote memorization. Rather, it focuses on the underlying principles in order to make accessible the science that underpins so much of our day-to-day lives, as well as present further study and practice in medical and scientific fields. This book provides context and structure for learning the fundamental principles of organic chemistry, enabling the reader to proceed from simple to complex examples in a systematic and logical way. Utilizing clear and consistently colored figures, Principles of Organic Chemistry begins by exploring the step-by-step processes (or mechanisms) by which reactions occur to create molecular structures. It then describes some of the many ways these reactions make new compounds, examined by functional groups and corresponding common reaction mechanisms. Throughout, this book includes biochemical and pharmaceutical examples with varying degrees of difficulty, with worked answers and without, as well as advanced topics in later chapters for optional coverage. Incorporates valuable and engaging applications of the content to biological and industrial uses Includes a wealth of useful figures and problems to support reader comprehension and study Provides a high quality chapter on stereochemistry as well as advanced topics such as synthetic polymers and spectroscopy for class customization
Publisher: Academic Press
ISBN: 0128026340
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 498
Book Description
Class-tested and thoughtfully designed for student engagement, Principles of Organic Chemistry provides the tools and foundations needed by students in a short course or one-semester class on the subject. This book does not dilute the material or rely on rote memorization. Rather, it focuses on the underlying principles in order to make accessible the science that underpins so much of our day-to-day lives, as well as present further study and practice in medical and scientific fields. This book provides context and structure for learning the fundamental principles of organic chemistry, enabling the reader to proceed from simple to complex examples in a systematic and logical way. Utilizing clear and consistently colored figures, Principles of Organic Chemistry begins by exploring the step-by-step processes (or mechanisms) by which reactions occur to create molecular structures. It then describes some of the many ways these reactions make new compounds, examined by functional groups and corresponding common reaction mechanisms. Throughout, this book includes biochemical and pharmaceutical examples with varying degrees of difficulty, with worked answers and without, as well as advanced topics in later chapters for optional coverage. Incorporates valuable and engaging applications of the content to biological and industrial uses Includes a wealth of useful figures and problems to support reader comprehension and study Provides a high quality chapter on stereochemistry as well as advanced topics such as synthetic polymers and spectroscopy for class customization
Sophomore Organic Chemistry 1 by Inquisition
Author: Kevin Burgess
Publisher:
ISBN: 9780692774434
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
Book Description
Publisher:
ISBN: 9780692774434
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
Book Description
Organic Chemistry
Author: Robert J. Ouellette
Publisher: Academic Press
ISBN: 0128128399
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 1058
Book Description
Organic Chemistry: Structure, Mechanism, Synthesis, Second Edition, provides basic principles of this fascinating and challenging science, which lies at the interface of physical and biological sciences. Offering accessible language and engaging examples and illustrations, this valuable introduction for the in-depth chemistry course engages students and gives future and new scientists a new approach to understanding, rather than merely memorizing the key concepts underpinning this fundamental area. The book builds in a logical way from chemical bonding to resulting molecular structures, to the corresponding physical, chemical and biological properties of those molecules. The book explores how molecular structure determines reaction mechanisms, from the smallest to the largest molecules—which in turn determine strategies for organic synthesis. The book then describes the synthetic principles which extend to every aspect of synthesis, from drug design to the methods cells employ to synthesize the molecules of which they are made. These relationships form a continuous narrative throughout the book, in which principles logically evolve from one to the next, from the simplest to the most complex examples, with abundant connections between the theory and applications. Featuring in-book solutions and instructor PowerPoint slides, this Second Edition offers an updated and improved option for students in the two-semester course and for scientists who require a high quality introduction or refresher in the subject. - Offers improvements for the two-semester course sequence and valuable updates including two new chapters on lipids and nucleic acids - Features biochemistry and biological examples highlighted throughout the book, making the information relevant and engaging to readers of all backgrounds and interests - Includes a valuable and highly-praised chapter on organometallic chemistry not found in other standard references
Publisher: Academic Press
ISBN: 0128128399
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 1058
Book Description
Organic Chemistry: Structure, Mechanism, Synthesis, Second Edition, provides basic principles of this fascinating and challenging science, which lies at the interface of physical and biological sciences. Offering accessible language and engaging examples and illustrations, this valuable introduction for the in-depth chemistry course engages students and gives future and new scientists a new approach to understanding, rather than merely memorizing the key concepts underpinning this fundamental area. The book builds in a logical way from chemical bonding to resulting molecular structures, to the corresponding physical, chemical and biological properties of those molecules. The book explores how molecular structure determines reaction mechanisms, from the smallest to the largest molecules—which in turn determine strategies for organic synthesis. The book then describes the synthetic principles which extend to every aspect of synthesis, from drug design to the methods cells employ to synthesize the molecules of which they are made. These relationships form a continuous narrative throughout the book, in which principles logically evolve from one to the next, from the simplest to the most complex examples, with abundant connections between the theory and applications. Featuring in-book solutions and instructor PowerPoint slides, this Second Edition offers an updated and improved option for students in the two-semester course and for scientists who require a high quality introduction or refresher in the subject. - Offers improvements for the two-semester course sequence and valuable updates including two new chapters on lipids and nucleic acids - Features biochemistry and biological examples highlighted throughout the book, making the information relevant and engaging to readers of all backgrounds and interests - Includes a valuable and highly-praised chapter on organometallic chemistry not found in other standard references
Organic Chemistry for Babies
Author: Chris Ferrie
Publisher: Sourcebooks, Inc.
ISBN: 1492673781
Category : Juvenile Nonfiction
Languages : en
Pages : 26
Book Description
Fans of Chris Ferrie's Rocket Science for Babies, Quantum Physics for Babies, and 8 Little Planets will love this introduction to organic chemistry for babies and toddlers! It only takes a small spark to ignite a child's mind. Written by an expert, Organic Chemistry for Babies is a colorfully simple introduction to the structure of organic, carbon-containing compounds and materials. Gift your special little one the opportunity to learn with this perfect science baby gift and help them be one step ahead of pre-med students! With a tongue-in-cheek approach that adults will love, this installment of the Baby University baby board book series is the perfect way to introduce STEM concepts for babies and toddlers. After all, it's never too early to become an organic chemist! If you're looking for the perfect STEAM book for teachers, science toys for babies, or chemistry toys for kids, look no further! Organic Chemistry for Babies offers fun early learning for your little scientist!
Publisher: Sourcebooks, Inc.
ISBN: 1492673781
Category : Juvenile Nonfiction
Languages : en
Pages : 26
Book Description
Fans of Chris Ferrie's Rocket Science for Babies, Quantum Physics for Babies, and 8 Little Planets will love this introduction to organic chemistry for babies and toddlers! It only takes a small spark to ignite a child's mind. Written by an expert, Organic Chemistry for Babies is a colorfully simple introduction to the structure of organic, carbon-containing compounds and materials. Gift your special little one the opportunity to learn with this perfect science baby gift and help them be one step ahead of pre-med students! With a tongue-in-cheek approach that adults will love, this installment of the Baby University baby board book series is the perfect way to introduce STEM concepts for babies and toddlers. After all, it's never too early to become an organic chemist! If you're looking for the perfect STEAM book for teachers, science toys for babies, or chemistry toys for kids, look no further! Organic Chemistry for Babies offers fun early learning for your little scientist!
Organic Chemistry I Workbook For Dummies
Author: Arthur Winter
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 0470405244
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 363
Book Description
From models to molecules to mass spectrometry-solve organic chemistry problems with ease Got a grasp on the organic chemistry terms and concepts you need to know, but get lost halfway through a problem or worse yet, not know where to begin? Have no fear - this hands-on guide helps you solve the many types of organic chemistry problems you encounter in a focused, step-by-step manner. With memorization tricks, problem-solving shortcuts, and lots of hands-on practice exercises, you'll sharpen your skills and improve your performance. You'll see how to work with resonance; the triple-threat alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes; functional groups and their reactions; spectroscopy; and more! 100s of Problems! Know how to solve the most common organic chemistry problems Walk through the answers and clearly identify where you went wrong (or right) with each problem Get the inside scoop on acing your exams! Use organic chemistry in practical applications with confidence
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 0470405244
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 363
Book Description
From models to molecules to mass spectrometry-solve organic chemistry problems with ease Got a grasp on the organic chemistry terms and concepts you need to know, but get lost halfway through a problem or worse yet, not know where to begin? Have no fear - this hands-on guide helps you solve the many types of organic chemistry problems you encounter in a focused, step-by-step manner. With memorization tricks, problem-solving shortcuts, and lots of hands-on practice exercises, you'll sharpen your skills and improve your performance. You'll see how to work with resonance; the triple-threat alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes; functional groups and their reactions; spectroscopy; and more! 100s of Problems! Know how to solve the most common organic chemistry problems Walk through the answers and clearly identify where you went wrong (or right) with each problem Get the inside scoop on acing your exams! Use organic chemistry in practical applications with confidence
Organic Chemistry Study Guide
Author: Robert J. Ouellette
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 012801864X
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 615
Book Description
Organic Chemistry Study Guide: Key Concepts, Problems, and Solutions features hundreds of problems from the companion book, Organic Chemistry, and includes solutions for every problem. Key concept summaries reinforce critical material from the primary book and enhance mastery of this complex subject. Organic chemistry is a constantly evolving field that has great relevance for all scientists, not just chemists. For chemical engineers, understanding the properties of organic molecules and how reactions occur is critically important to understanding the processes in an industrial plant. For biologists and health professionals, it is essential because nearly all of biochemistry springs from organic chemistry. Additionally, all scientists can benefit from improved critical thinking and problem-solving skills that are developed from the study of organic chemistry. Organic chemistry, like any "skill", is best learned by doing. It is difficult to learn by rote memorization, and true understanding comes only from concentrated reading, and working as many problems as possible. In fact, problem sets are the best way to ensure that concepts are not only well understood, but can also be applied to real-world problems in the work place. - Helps readers learn to categorize, analyze, and solve organic chemistry problems at all levels of difficulty - Hundreds of fully-worked practice problems, all with solutions - Key concept summaries for every chapter reinforces core content from the companion book
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 012801864X
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 615
Book Description
Organic Chemistry Study Guide: Key Concepts, Problems, and Solutions features hundreds of problems from the companion book, Organic Chemistry, and includes solutions for every problem. Key concept summaries reinforce critical material from the primary book and enhance mastery of this complex subject. Organic chemistry is a constantly evolving field that has great relevance for all scientists, not just chemists. For chemical engineers, understanding the properties of organic molecules and how reactions occur is critically important to understanding the processes in an industrial plant. For biologists and health professionals, it is essential because nearly all of biochemistry springs from organic chemistry. Additionally, all scientists can benefit from improved critical thinking and problem-solving skills that are developed from the study of organic chemistry. Organic chemistry, like any "skill", is best learned by doing. It is difficult to learn by rote memorization, and true understanding comes only from concentrated reading, and working as many problems as possible. In fact, problem sets are the best way to ensure that concepts are not only well understood, but can also be applied to real-world problems in the work place. - Helps readers learn to categorize, analyze, and solve organic chemistry problems at all levels of difficulty - Hundreds of fully-worked practice problems, all with solutions - Key concept summaries for every chapter reinforces core content from the companion book
Comprehensive Organic Chemistry Experiments for the Laboratory Classroom
Author: Carlos A. M. Afonso
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry
ISBN: 1849739633
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 976
Book Description
This expansive and practical textbook contains organic chemistry experiments for teaching in the laboratory at the undergraduate level covering a range of functional group transformations and key organic reactions.The editorial team have collected contributions from around the world and standardized them for publication. Each experiment will explore a modern chemistry scenario, such as: sustainable chemistry; application in the pharmaceutical industry; catalysis and material sciences, to name a few. All the experiments will be complemented with a set of questions to challenge the students and a section for the instructors, concerning the results obtained and advice on getting the best outcome from the experiment. A section covering practical aspects with tips and advice for the instructors, together with the results obtained in the laboratory by students, has been compiled for each experiment. Targeted at professors and lecturers in chemistry, this useful text will provide up to date experiments putting the science into context for the students.
Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry
ISBN: 1849739633
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 976
Book Description
This expansive and practical textbook contains organic chemistry experiments for teaching in the laboratory at the undergraduate level covering a range of functional group transformations and key organic reactions.The editorial team have collected contributions from around the world and standardized them for publication. Each experiment will explore a modern chemistry scenario, such as: sustainable chemistry; application in the pharmaceutical industry; catalysis and material sciences, to name a few. All the experiments will be complemented with a set of questions to challenge the students and a section for the instructors, concerning the results obtained and advice on getting the best outcome from the experiment. A section covering practical aspects with tips and advice for the instructors, together with the results obtained in the laboratory by students, has been compiled for each experiment. Targeted at professors and lecturers in chemistry, this useful text will provide up to date experiments putting the science into context for the students.
A Textbook of Organic Chemistry – Volume 1
Author: Mandeep Dalal
Publisher: Dalal Institute
ISBN: 8195242731
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 450
Book Description
An advanced-level textbook of organic chemistry for the graduate (B.Sc) and postgraduate (M.Sc) students of Indian and foreign universities. This book is a part of the four-volume series, entitled “A Textbook of Organic Chemistry – Volume I, II, III, IV”. CONTENTS: Chapter 1. Nature of Bonding in Organic molecules: Delocalized chemical bonding; Conjugation; Cross conjugation; Resonance; Hyperconjugation; Tautomerism; Aromaticity in benzenoid and nonbenzenoid compounds; Alternant and non-alternant hydrocarbons; Huckel’s rule: Energy level of p-molecular orbitals; Annulenes; Antiaromaticity; Homo-aromaticity; PMO approach; Bonds weaker than covalent; Addition compounds: crown ether complexes and cryptands, inclusion compounds, cyclodextrins; Catenanes and rotaxanes. Chapter 2. Stereochemistry: Chirality; Elements of symmetry; Molecules with more than one chiral centre: diastereomerism; Determination of relative and absolute configuration (octant rule excluded) with special reference to lactic acid, alanine & mandelic acid; Methods of resolution; Optical purity; Prochirality; Enantiotopic and diastereotopic atoms, groups and faces; Asymmetric synthesis: Cram’s Rule and its modifications, Prelog’s rule; Conformational analysis of cycloalkanes (upto six membered rings); Decalins; Conformations of sugars; Optical activity in absence of chiral carbon (biphenyls, allenes and spiranes); Chirality due to helical shape; Geometrical isomerism in alkenes and oximes; Methods of determining the configuration. Chapter 3. Reaction Mechanism: Structure and Reactivity: Types of mechanisms; Types of reactions; Thermodynamic and kinetic requirements; Kinetic and thermodynamic control; Hammond’s postulate; Curtin-Hammett principle; Potential energy diagrams: Transition states and intermediates; Methods of determining mechanisms; Isotope effects; Hard and soft acids and bases; Generation, structure, stability and reactivity of carbocations, carbanions, free radicals, carbenes and nitrenes; Effect of structure on reactivity; The Hammett equation and linear free energy relationship; Substituent and reaction constants; Taft equation. Chapter 4. Carbohydrates: Types of naturally occurring sugars; Deoxy sugars; Amino sugars; Branch chain sugars; General methods of determination of structure and ring size of sugars with particular reference to maltose, lactose, sucrose, starch and cellulose. Chapter 5. Natural and Synthetic Dyes: Various classes of synthetic dyes including heterocyclic dyes; Interaction between dyes and fibers; Structure elucidation of indigo and Alizarin. Chapter 6. Aliphatic Nucleophilic Substitution: The SN2, SN1, mixed SN1 and SN2, SNi , SN1’, SN2’, SNi’ and SET mechanisms; The neighbouring group mechanisms; Neighbouring group participation by p and s bonds; Anchimeric assistance; Classical and nonclassical carbocations; Phenonium ions; Common carbocation rearrangements; Applications of NMR spectroscopy in the detection of carbocations; Reactivity- effects of substrate structure, attacking nucleophile, leaving group and reaction medium; Ambident nucleophiles and regioselectivity; Phase transfer catalysis. Chapter 7. Aliphatic Electrophilic Substitution: Bimolecular mechanisms – SE2 and SEi; The SE1 mechanism; Electrophilic substitution accompained by double bond shifts; Effect of substrates, leaving group and the solvent polarity on the reactivity. Chapter 8. Aromatic Electrophilic Substitution: The arenium ion mechanism; Orientation and reactivity; Energy profile diagrams; The ortho/para ratio; ipso attack; Orientation in other ring systems; Quantitative treatment of reactivity in substrates and electrophiles; Diazonium coupling; Vilsmeir reaction; Gattermann-Koch reaction. Chapter 9. Aromatic Nucleophilic Substitution: The ArSN1, ArSN2, benzyne and SRN1 mechanisms; Reactivity – effect of substrate structure, leaving group and attacking nucleophile; The von Richter, Sommelet-Hauser, and Smiles rearrangements. Chapter 10. Elimination Reactions: The E2, E1 and E1cB mechanisms; Orientation of the double bond; Reactivity – effects of substrate structures, attacking base, the leaving group and the medium; Mechanism and orientation in pyrolytic elimination. Chapter 11. Addition to Carbon-Carbon Multiple Bonds: Mechanistic and stereochemical aspects of addition reactions involving electrophiles, nucleophiles and free radicals; Regio–and chemoselectivity: orientation and reactivity; Addition to cyclopropane ring; Hydrogenation of double and triple bonds; Hydrogenation of aromatic rings; Hydroboration; Michael reaction; Sharpless asymmetric epoxidation. Chapter 12. Addition to Carbon-Hetero Multiple Bonds: Mechanism of metal hydride reduction of saturated and unsaturated carbonyl compounds, acids, esters and nitriles; Addition of Grignard reagents, organozinc and organolithium reagents to carbonyl and unsaturated carbonyl compounds; Wittig reaction; Mechanism of condensation reactions involving enolates – Aldol, Knoevenagel, Claisen, Mannich, Benzoin, Perkin and Stobbe reactions; Hydrolysis of esters and amides; Ammonolysis of esters.
Publisher: Dalal Institute
ISBN: 8195242731
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 450
Book Description
An advanced-level textbook of organic chemistry for the graduate (B.Sc) and postgraduate (M.Sc) students of Indian and foreign universities. This book is a part of the four-volume series, entitled “A Textbook of Organic Chemistry – Volume I, II, III, IV”. CONTENTS: Chapter 1. Nature of Bonding in Organic molecules: Delocalized chemical bonding; Conjugation; Cross conjugation; Resonance; Hyperconjugation; Tautomerism; Aromaticity in benzenoid and nonbenzenoid compounds; Alternant and non-alternant hydrocarbons; Huckel’s rule: Energy level of p-molecular orbitals; Annulenes; Antiaromaticity; Homo-aromaticity; PMO approach; Bonds weaker than covalent; Addition compounds: crown ether complexes and cryptands, inclusion compounds, cyclodextrins; Catenanes and rotaxanes. Chapter 2. Stereochemistry: Chirality; Elements of symmetry; Molecules with more than one chiral centre: diastereomerism; Determination of relative and absolute configuration (octant rule excluded) with special reference to lactic acid, alanine & mandelic acid; Methods of resolution; Optical purity; Prochirality; Enantiotopic and diastereotopic atoms, groups and faces; Asymmetric synthesis: Cram’s Rule and its modifications, Prelog’s rule; Conformational analysis of cycloalkanes (upto six membered rings); Decalins; Conformations of sugars; Optical activity in absence of chiral carbon (biphenyls, allenes and spiranes); Chirality due to helical shape; Geometrical isomerism in alkenes and oximes; Methods of determining the configuration. Chapter 3. Reaction Mechanism: Structure and Reactivity: Types of mechanisms; Types of reactions; Thermodynamic and kinetic requirements; Kinetic and thermodynamic control; Hammond’s postulate; Curtin-Hammett principle; Potential energy diagrams: Transition states and intermediates; Methods of determining mechanisms; Isotope effects; Hard and soft acids and bases; Generation, structure, stability and reactivity of carbocations, carbanions, free radicals, carbenes and nitrenes; Effect of structure on reactivity; The Hammett equation and linear free energy relationship; Substituent and reaction constants; Taft equation. Chapter 4. Carbohydrates: Types of naturally occurring sugars; Deoxy sugars; Amino sugars; Branch chain sugars; General methods of determination of structure and ring size of sugars with particular reference to maltose, lactose, sucrose, starch and cellulose. Chapter 5. Natural and Synthetic Dyes: Various classes of synthetic dyes including heterocyclic dyes; Interaction between dyes and fibers; Structure elucidation of indigo and Alizarin. Chapter 6. Aliphatic Nucleophilic Substitution: The SN2, SN1, mixed SN1 and SN2, SNi , SN1’, SN2’, SNi’ and SET mechanisms; The neighbouring group mechanisms; Neighbouring group participation by p and s bonds; Anchimeric assistance; Classical and nonclassical carbocations; Phenonium ions; Common carbocation rearrangements; Applications of NMR spectroscopy in the detection of carbocations; Reactivity- effects of substrate structure, attacking nucleophile, leaving group and reaction medium; Ambident nucleophiles and regioselectivity; Phase transfer catalysis. Chapter 7. Aliphatic Electrophilic Substitution: Bimolecular mechanisms – SE2 and SEi; The SE1 mechanism; Electrophilic substitution accompained by double bond shifts; Effect of substrates, leaving group and the solvent polarity on the reactivity. Chapter 8. Aromatic Electrophilic Substitution: The arenium ion mechanism; Orientation and reactivity; Energy profile diagrams; The ortho/para ratio; ipso attack; Orientation in other ring systems; Quantitative treatment of reactivity in substrates and electrophiles; Diazonium coupling; Vilsmeir reaction; Gattermann-Koch reaction. Chapter 9. Aromatic Nucleophilic Substitution: The ArSN1, ArSN2, benzyne and SRN1 mechanisms; Reactivity – effect of substrate structure, leaving group and attacking nucleophile; The von Richter, Sommelet-Hauser, and Smiles rearrangements. Chapter 10. Elimination Reactions: The E2, E1 and E1cB mechanisms; Orientation of the double bond; Reactivity – effects of substrate structures, attacking base, the leaving group and the medium; Mechanism and orientation in pyrolytic elimination. Chapter 11. Addition to Carbon-Carbon Multiple Bonds: Mechanistic and stereochemical aspects of addition reactions involving electrophiles, nucleophiles and free radicals; Regio–and chemoselectivity: orientation and reactivity; Addition to cyclopropane ring; Hydrogenation of double and triple bonds; Hydrogenation of aromatic rings; Hydroboration; Michael reaction; Sharpless asymmetric epoxidation. Chapter 12. Addition to Carbon-Hetero Multiple Bonds: Mechanism of metal hydride reduction of saturated and unsaturated carbonyl compounds, acids, esters and nitriles; Addition of Grignard reagents, organozinc and organolithium reagents to carbonyl and unsaturated carbonyl compounds; Wittig reaction; Mechanism of condensation reactions involving enolates – Aldol, Knoevenagel, Claisen, Mannich, Benzoin, Perkin and Stobbe reactions; Hydrolysis of esters and amides; Ammonolysis of esters.