Optical Properties of Aerosol Emitted from Indoor Biomass Burning Cookstoves PDF Download
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Author: Samuel Arthur Whidden
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Aerosols
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Author: Samuel Arthur Whidden
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Aerosols
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Author: Oluwatobi Olamiposi Oke
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Aerosols
Languages : en
Pages : 134
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Author: Rudra Prasad Pokhrel
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781321874884
Category : Atmospheric aerosols
Languages : en
Pages : 78
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Book Description
Optical properties of biomass burning aerosol at three different wavelengths (405, 532, and 660 nm) have been measured during the Fourth Fire Lab at Missoula Experiment (FLAME-4), which took place at the Fire Science Laboratory in Missoula, Montana, in October and November, 2012. During the experiment, absorption and extinction coefficients of aerosol emissions from biomass burning were measured. A photo-acoustic absorption spectrometer (PAS) measured the absorption coefficient of dry and denuded aerosol while a cavity ring-down spectrometer (CRDS) measured the extinction coefficient of dry and denuded aerosol. During the experiment, a wide range of fuels that represent significant sources of biomass emissions from different parts of world were burned. Fuels included trees, grasses, shrubs and peat. Fuels were burned in two different ways namely stack burns which allowed for measurements during different phases of the burn (flaming vs. smoldering) and room burns which allowed for detailed measurements of well mixed smoke from all phases of the fire. Single scattering albedo (SSA) and absorption angstrom exponent (AAE) values for the biomass burning aerosols have been calculated are now represented. Eight fuels were combusted during 20 individual stack burns and 12 fuels were analyzed during 21 room burns. Parameterizations of SSA and AAE as functions of modified combustion efficiency (MCE) and a proxy for the ratio of black carbon to organic carbon mass (BC:OA proxy) have been developed. The BC:OA proxy is found to shown better correlation to both SSA and AAE than does MCE. Combined of the stack and room burn results (41 individual burns and 12 different fuels) show that the BC:OA proxy can explain 94% of the variability in SSA and 70 % of the variability in AAE while MCE can only explain 40 % and 54 % of the variability in SSA and AAE, respectively.
Author: Brian Indrek Magi
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Aerosols
Languages : en
Pages : 360
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Author: Laura E. Mack
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Atmospheric aerosols
Languages : en
Pages : 294
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Author: Sherri W. Hunt
Publisher: ACS Symposium
ISBN: 9780841233638
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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This book highlights new cross-disciplinary advances in aerosol chemistry that involve more than one phase, for example, unique chemical processes occurring on gas-solid and liquid-solid interfaces.
Author: Michael Robert Olson
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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The optical properties of carbonaceous aerosols were investigated to understand the impact source emissions and ambient particulate matter (PM) have on atmospheric radiative forcing. Black carbon (BC) is a strong absorber of visible light and contributes highly to atmospheric radiative forcing, therefore it is important to link BC properties to combustion emission sources. Brown carbon (BrC) is poorly understood and may be an important contributor to both positive and negative radiative forcing. The research investigates these primary knowledge gaps. The optical properties of carbonaceous aerosols were investigated to understand the impact source emissions and ambient particulate matter (PM) have on atmospheric radiative forcing. Black carbon (BC) is a strong absorber of visible light and contributes highly to atmospheric radiative forcing, therefore it is important to link BC properties to combustion emission sources. Brown carbon (BrC) is poorly understood and may be an important contributor to both positive and negative radiative forcing. The research investigates these primary knowledge gaps. Multiple methods were developed and applied to quantify the mass absorption cross-section (MAC) at multiple wavelengths of source and ambient samples. The MAC of BC was determined to be approximately 7.5 m2g−1 at 520nm. However, the MAC was highly variable with OC fraction and wavelength. The BrC MAC was similar for all sources, with the highest absorption in the UV at 370nm; the MAC quickly decreases at larger wavelengths. In the UV, the light absorption by BrC could exceed BC contribution by over 100 times, but only when the OC fraction is large (>90%) as compared to the total carbon. BrC was investigated by measuring the light absorption of solvent extracted fractions in water, dichloromethane, and methanol. Source emissions exhibited greater light absorption in methanol extractions as compared to water and DCM extracts. The BrC MAC was 2.4 to 3.7 m2g−1 at 370nm in methanol. Ambient samples showed similar MACs for the water and methanol extracts. Dichloromethane extracts did not have a significant light absorption characteristics for ambient samples. BrC and BC were measured in Beijing, China. Both were reduced significantly when restrictive air pollution controls were put in place. The industrial regions south and east of Beijing were the highest contributors to ambient BrC and BC. The controls reduced BrC more than BC as compared to observations during the regions heating period. Using the color characteristics of ambient PM, a model was developed to estimate elemental and organic carbon (EC/OC). The method will allow fast and cost effective quantification of PM composition in combination with large climate and health studies, especially in the developing world.
Author: Bradley Hugh Isenor
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Biomass
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) emitted from combustion processes can partake in cellular redox reactions and induce oxidative stress. This ability for PM2.5 to induce oxidative stress is known as its toxicity and is referred to as oxidative potential (OP). This poses a serious health risk for the ~3 billion people globally who continue to rely on biomass burning for their cooking needs as it is a significant source of indoor PM2.5. To combat the problem associated with traditional biomass burning cookstoves, 'improved' biomass burning cookstoves have been developed which have been shown to reduce the mass of PM2.5 generated. However, it is unknown whether the overall exposure to toxic chemicals contained in PM2.5 is reduced using these cookstoves as the adverse health effects of PM2.5 are better linked with OP than mass of PM2.5 inhaled. The goals of this study were to determine whether the OP of PM2.5 emitted from improved cookstoves was reduced and to determine what effect fuel type has on the OP of PM2.5. To test this, 4 fuel types (2 wood types and 2 charcoal types) were burned in 5 cookstoves (2 traditional and 3 improved) using the simmer-phase of the Water Boiling Test protocol to generate PM2.5 samples that were collected on quartz filters for analysis. The dithiothreitol (DTT) assay was employed to determine the OP of the PM2.5 and was split into 2 fractions, the water-soluble (WS) and total fraction. The DTT activity values were corrected using two variables, mass (OP(DPP/Mass)) and volume (OP(DPP/Volume)). The mass emitted from the 3 improved cookstoves were found to significantly reduce PM2.5 compared to the traditional stoves, consistent with previous studies. (OP(DPP/Volume)) was found to be more representative of the overall exposure to toxic PM2.5 emitted during a cooking event as it accounts for both intrinsic OP of the PM2.5 (toxicity per mass of PM2.5) and the mass emission of PM2.5. The (OP(DPP/Volume)) values were compared for all cooking methods and the wood fuel types were found to have the greatest (OP(DPP/Volume)) for each cookstove. Using the experimentally determined (OP(DPP/Volume)), example mitigation strategies were then suggested. Given the option to only switch cookstove or fuel type from the 3-stone with hardwood cooking method, a greater reduction in (OP(DPP/Volume)) can be achieved by switching from wood to coal (84% reduction) rather than 3-stone to improved stove (62% reduction). WS data was found to vary in its contribution to the total (OP(DPP/Volume)) from less than 15% to just below 75%, suggesting that the chemical composition of components that contributed to the OP of PM2.5 is dependent on cooking method.
Author: Yinping Zhang
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 9811676801
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 2182
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Book Description
People live in indoor environment about 90% of lifetime and an adult inhales about 15 kg air each day, over 75% of the human body’s daily mass intake (air, food, water). Therefore, indoor air quality (IAQ) is very important to human health. This book provides the basic knowledge of IAQ and highlights the research achievements in the past two decades. It covers the following 12 sections: introduction, indoor air chemicals, indoor air particles, measurement and evaluation, source/sink characteristics, indoor chemistry, human exposure to indoor pollutants, health effects and health risk assessment, IAQ and cognitive performance, standards and guidelines, IAQ control, and air quality in various indoor environments. It provides a combination of an introduction to various aspects on IAQ studies, the current state-of-knowledge, various advances and the perspective of IAQ studies. It will be very helpful for the researchers and technicians in the IAQ and the related fields. It is also useful for experts in other fields and general readers who want to obtain a basic understanding of and research advances in the field of IAQ. A group of experts in IAQ research have been recruited to write the chapters. Their research interests and experience cover the scope of the book. In addition, some experienced experts in IAQ field have been invited as advisors or reviewers to give their comments, suggestions and revisions on the handbook framework and the chapter details. Their contribution guarantees the quality of the book. We are very grateful to them. Last but not least, we express our heartfelt thanks to Prof. Spengler, Harvard University, for writing the foreword of the current Handbook of Indoor Air Quality both as a pioneer scientist who contributed greatly to indoor air science and as an Editor-in-chief of Handbook of Indoor Air Quality 2001, 1st ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. In addition to hard copies, the book is also published online and will be updated by the authors as needed to keep it aligned with current knowledge. These salient features can make the handbook fresh with the research development.
Author:
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Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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