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Author: Keang-Po Ho
Publisher: Elsevier Inc. Chapters
ISBN: 0128060832
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 87
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Book Description
Mode coupling is a key to overcoming challenges in mode-division-multiplexed transmission systems in multimode fiber. This chapter provides an in-depth description of mode coupling, including its physical origins, its effect on modal dispersion (MD) and mode-dependent loss or gain (MDL), and the resulting impact on system performance and implementation complexity. Strong mode coupling reduces the group delay spread from MD, minimizing the complexity of digital signal processing used for compensating MD and separating multiplexed signals. Likewise, strong mode coupling reduces the variations of MDL arising from transmission fibers and inline optical amplifiers, maximizing average channel capacity. When combined with MD, strong mode coupling creates frequency diversity, which reduces the probability of outage caused by MDL and enables the outage capacity to approach the average capacity. The statistics of strongly coupled MD and MDL depend only on the number of modes and the variances of MD or MDL, and can be derived from the eigenvalue distributions of certain random matrices.
Author: Kristin Rauschenbach
Publisher: Elsevier Inc. Chapters
ISBN: 0128060883
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 61
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Book Description
Rapidly increasing network demand based on unpredictable services has driven research into methods to provide intelligent provisioning, efficient restoration and recovery from failures, and effective management schemes that reduce the amount of “hands-on” activity to plan and run the network. Integrating the service-oriented IP layer together with the efficient transport capabilities of the optical layer is a cornerstone of this research. Converged IP-optical networks are being demonstrated in large multi-carrier and multi-vendor venues. Research is continuing on making this convergence more efficient, flexible, and scalable. In this chapter, we review the current key technologies that contribute to the convergence of IP and optical networks, describing control and management plane technologies, techniques and standards in some detail. We also illustrate current research challenges, and discuss future directions for research.
Author: Tiejun J. Xia
Publisher: Elsevier Inc. Chapters
ISBN: 0128060743
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 59
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Book Description
This chapter provides a global network service provider’s view on the technology development and product commercialization of 100-Gb/s for optical transport networks. Optical channel capacity has been growing over the past four decades to address traffic demand growth and will continue this trend for the foreseeable future to meet the ever-increasing bandwidth requirements. In this chapter, optical channels are re-classified into three basic design types. Commercial 100-Gb/s channel development experienced all three types of channel designs before eventually settling on the single carrier PM-QPSK format with coherent detection, which appears to be the optimal design in the industry. A series of 100-Gb/s channel related field trials were performed in service providers’ networks to validate the technical merits as well as business advantages of this new capacity standard before its deployment. Introduction of the 100-Gb/s channel brings new opportunities to boost fiber capacity, accommodate increases in client interface speed rates, lower transmission latency, simplify network management, and speed up the realization of next generation optical add/drop functions.
Author: Polina Bayvel
Publisher: Elsevier Inc. Chapters
ISBN: 0128060778
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 71
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Book Description
The key question of current optical communications research is: how to maximize both capacity and transmission distance in future optical transmission networks by using spectrally-efficient modulation formats with coherent detection, and how can digital signal processing aid in this quest? There is a clear trade-off between spectral efficiency and transmission distance, since the more spectrally-efficient modulation formats are also more susceptible to optical fiber nonlinearities. This chapter illustrates the application of nonlinear backpropagation to mitigate for both linear and nonlinear transmission impairments for a range of modulation formats, at varying symbol-rates and wavelength spacings, and also by varying the signal bandwidth which is backpropagated. The basics of coherent receiver structure and DSP algorithms for chromatic dispersion compensation, equalization and phase recovery of PDM-BPSK, PS-QPSK, PDM-QPSK, PDM-8PSK, PDM-8QAM, and PDM-16QAM are reviewed and the effectiveness of the nonlinearity compensating DSP based on digital backpropagation is explored. This chapter includes a comprehensive literature review of the key experimental demonstrations of nonlinearity-compensating DSP.
Author: Jin-xing Cai
Publisher: Elsevier Inc. Chapters
ISBN: 0128060972
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 65
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Book Description
The increasing demand for capacity has driven the telecommunications community to focus on transmission studies with higher data rates and increasing spectral efficiency. However, high data rates and high SE are particularly challenging for transoceanic cable systems due to their extremely long transmission distances. With the advent of digital coherent receivers, the channel data rate has increased from 40Gb/s to 100Gb/s and beyond; the spectral efficiency has increased from 80% (0.8bits/s/Hz) to the most recent 600% (6bits/s/Hz); and the total capacity has increased from 6Tb/s to the most recent 30Tb/s. This chapter gives an overview of the most recent advances in undersea transmission technology since the last edition of Optical Fiber Telecommunications in 2007 focusing on coherent technology and 100Gb/s transmission.
Author: Vincent W.S. Chan
Publisher: Elsevier Inc. Chapters
ISBN: 0128060913
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 54
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Book Description
Present-day networks are being challenged by dramatic increases in data rate demands of emerging applications. New network architectures for streaming/routing large “elephant” transactions will be needed for cost and power efficiencies. This chapter examines a number of possible optical network transport mechanisms: optical packet switching, burst switching, and flow switching and describes the necessary physical layer, routing, and transport layers architectures for these transport mechanisms. Performance comparisons are made based on capacity utilization, scalability, costs, and power consumption. A global-reach network architecture, incorporating optical flow switching, will provide significant lower cost and power consumption for large transactions. This transport mechanism will necessitate physical, media access control, routing, and transport layers and control plane architecture changes over the current Internet architecture and must co-exist with traditional TCP/IP electronic packet switching transport in the same optical network. Scalability in network management and control and session scheduling is identified as the most important driver in the architecture construct. The physical architecture coupled with a matched media access control protocol can help slow down the control plane and still can operate the network with highly dynamic sessions and at high efficiency which is critical for low cost and low power operations. For intra-data center networks when the network bandwidth is not as challenged as a wide area network some form of burst switching can be advantageous if fast light-weight protocols are needed albeit the network must be used at light occupancy for low collision probabilities.
Author: Juerg Leuthold
Publisher: Elsevier Inc. Chapters
ISBN: 0128060816
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 91
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Book Description
New pulse-shaping techniques allow for optical multiplexing with highest spectral efficiencies. We introduce the general theory of orthogonal pulse-shaping and then discuss with more emphasis the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) and Nyquist frequency division multiplexing schemes. Subsequently, we show that rectangularly shaped pulses as used for OFDM can mathematically be treated by the Fourier transform. This leads us to the theory of the time-discrete Fourier transform (DFT) and to a discussion of practical implementations of the DFT and its inverse in the optical domain. The chapter is concluded with exemplary implementations of OFDM transceivers that relay either on direct pulse-shaping or the DFT approaches.
Author: Jian Wang
Publisher: Elsevier Inc. Chapters
ISBN: 0128060840
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 74
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Book Description
In this chapter, we provide a comprehensive review of multimode communications using OAM. The fundamentals of OAM are introduced first followed by the techniques for OAM generation, multiplexing/demultiplexing, and detection. We then present recent research efforts to free-space communication links and fiber-based transmission links using OAM multiplexing together with optical signal processing using OAM (data exchange, add/drop, multicasting, monitoring, and compensation). Future challenges of OAM communications are discussed at the end.
Author: Ivan B. Djordjevic
Publisher: Elsevier Inc. Chapters
ISBN: 0128060786
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 91
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Book Description
This chapter represents an overview of advanced coding techniques for optical communication. Topics include: codes on graphs, coded modulation, rate-adaptive coded modulation, and turbo equalization. The main objectives of this chapter are: (i) to describe different classes of codes on graphs of interest for optical communications, (ii) to describe how to combine multilevel modulation and channel coding, (iii) to describe how to perform equalization and soft-decoding jointly, and (iv) to demonstrate efficiency of joint de-modulation, decoding, and equalization in dealing with various channel impairments simultaneously. Codes on graphs of interest for next-generation FEC for high-speed optical transport include turbo codes, turbo-product codes and low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes. We describe both binary and nonbinary LDPC codes, their design and decoding algorithms. We also discuss an FPGA implementation of decoders for binary LDPC codes. We demonstrate that an LDPC-coded turbo equalizer is an excellent candidate to simultaneously mitigate uncompensated chromatic dispersion, PMD, fiber nonlinearities and I/Q-imbalance. For completeness of presentation, we also provide the information capacity study of optical channels with memory.
Author: Hamid Hemmati
Publisher: Elsevier Inc. Chapters
ISBN: 012806076X
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 71
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Book Description
Satellite-based communication systems of today are increasingly capacity limited. Based on radio frequency or microwave (generically RF) technologies, current state-of-the-art satellite communications (satcom) are often constrained by hardware and spectrum allocation limitations. Consequently, mobile payload sensors and instruments (on satellite or aircraft) are often implemented with restricted capacity to better match that of the host platform. Such limitations are expected to worsen as future interplanetary, deep-space, and manned missions use more sophisticated data-intensive sensors and as the demand for information—and a bigger return on the space-exploration investment—continues to increase.
Author: Charles H. Cox
Publisher: Elsevier Inc. Chapters
ISBN: 0128060921
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 37
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Book Description
The transmission of multi-band radio signals through optical fibers has drawn great attention recently for its potential in cellular backhaul networks, mobile cloud computing, and wireless local-area networks. As wireless services and technologies evolve to multi-gigabit radio access networks, their speed is increased but the wireless coverage of a single access point is inevitably reduced dramatically. As a result, the importance of >10GHz radio-over-fiber techniques has been emphasized for the capability of expanding wireless coverage feasibility, and in the meantime reducing system complexity and operation expenditure, especially in the high-speed millimeter-wave regime. In this chapter, we introduce the radio-over-fiber technique and its challenge of handling optical millimeter-wave generation, transmission, and converged multi-band system. By exploring real-world, system implementation and characterization, the unique features and versatile applications of radio-over-fiber technologies are investigated and reviewed to reach next-generation converged optical and wireless access networks.
