Neural Control of Rhythmic Coordinated Movements PDF Download
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Author: Michael A. Cohen
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Hand
Languages : en
Pages : 8
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Author: Michael A. Cohen
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Hand
Languages : en
Pages : 8
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Book Description
Author: Avis H. Cohen
Publisher: Wiley-Interscience
ISBN:
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 520
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Book Description
Electroreception Edited by Theodore Holmes Bullock and Walter Heiligenberg Presents recent findings in the research on modality of animal perception, particularly the ability to sense feeble electrical fields. Includes a new treatment of electric organs and their control, examination of receptors and their ionic mechanisms, and discussion of regeneration of the spinal cord. Uses electric fish as models. 1986 (0 471-81800-3) 722 pp. Neurobiology of Taste and Smell Thomas E. Finger and Wayne L. Silver A survey of subdisciplines within the field of neurobiology and an overview of current issues, recent findings, and future research, and an excellent introduction to the specific study of the chemical senses, including olfactory, vomeronasal, and gustatory systems. 1987 (0 471-81799-6) 449 pp. Higher Brain Functions Recent Explorations of the Brain’s Emergent Properties Edited by Steven P. Wise Pushing at the frontiers of knowledge, the best minds in the field of neurophysiology develop original ideas first presented in a monograph by Evarts, Shinoda, and Wise, Neurophysiological Approaches to Higher Brain Functions. Organized into three sections, Motor Aspects of Higher Brain Function, Effects of Preparatory Set, and Cerebral Organization, this volume explores important and interesting research directed toward questions concerning higher brain functions that lie beyond the traditional concerns of sensor and motor physiology. 1987 (0 471-01111-8) 384 pp. Synaptic Function Edited by Gerald M. Edelman, W. Einar Gall, and W. Maxwell Cowan Examines synaptic function by focusing on five areas—biochemical and biophysical mechanisms of change in pre-and postsynaptic cells; the neurochemicstry of transmitters and their release; the interactions of cells in small networks; synaptic plasticity related to long-term changes; and theoretical models of synaptic function. 1987 (0 471-85557-X) 944 pp.
Author: W.R. Ferrell
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1461519853
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 295
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Book Description
Presented with a choice of evils, most would prefer to be blinded rather than to be unable to move, immobilized in the late stages of Parkinson's disease. Yet in everyday life, as in Neuroscience, vision holds the centre of the stage. The conscious psyche watches a private TV show all day long, while the motor system is left to get on with it "out of sight and out of mind. " Motor skills are worshipped at all levels of society, whether in golf, tennis, soccer, athletics or in musical performance; meanwhile the subconscious machinery is ignored. But scientifically there is steady advance on a wide front, as we are reminded here, from the reversal of the reflexes of the stick insects to the site of motor learning in the human cerebral cortex. As in the rest of Physiology, evolution has preserved that which has already worked well; thus general principles can often be best discerned in lower animals. No one scientist can be personally involved at all levels of analysis, but especially for the motor system a narrow view is doomed from the outset. Interaction is all; the spinal cord has surrendered its autonomy to the brain, but the brain can only control the limbs by talking to the spinal cord in a language that it can understand, determined by its pre-existing circuitry; and both receive a continuous stream of feedback from the periphery.
Author: Patrick J. Whelan
Publisher: Academic Press
ISBN: 0128172754
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 486
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Book Description
From speech to breathing to overt movement contractions of muscles are the only way other than sweating whereby we literally make a mark on the world. Locomotion is an essential part of this equation and exciting new developments are shedding light on the mechanisms underlying how this important behavior occurs. The Neural Control of Movement discusses these developments across a variety of species including man. The editors focus on highlighting the utility of different models from invertebrates to vertebrates. Each chapter discusses how new approaches in neuroscience are being used to dissect and control neural networks. An area of emphasis is on vertebrate motor networks and particularly the spinal cord. The spinal cord is unique because it has seen the use of genetic tools allowing the dissection of networks for over ten years. This book provides practical details on model systems, approaches, and analysis approaches related to movement control. This book is written for neuroscientists interested in movement control. Provides practice details on model systems, approaches, and analysis approaches related to movement control Discusses how recent advances like optogenetics and chemogenetics affect the need for model systems to be modified (or not) to work for studies of movement and motor control Written for neuroscientists interested in movement control, especially movement disorders like Parkinson’s, MS, spinal cord injury, and stroke
Author: Marco Iosa
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
ISBN: 2889196143
Category : Human locomotion
Languages : en
Pages : 192
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Book Description
Locomotion involves many different muscles and the need of controlling several degrees of freedom. Despite the Central Nervous System can finely control the contraction of individual muscles, emerging evidences indicate that strategies for the reduction of the complexity of movement and for compensating the sensorimotor delays may be adopted. Experimental evidences in animal and lately human model led to the concept of a central pattern generator (CPG) which suggests that circuitry within the distal part of CNS, i.e. spinal cord, can generate the basic locomotor patterns, even in the absence of sensory information. Different studies pointed out the role of CPG in the control of locomotion as well as others investigated the neuroplasticity of CPG allowing for gait recovery after spinal cord lesion. Literature was also focused on muscle synergies, i.e. the combination of (locomotor) functional modules, implemented in neuronal networks of the spinal cord, generating specific motor output by imposing a specific timing structure and appropriate weightings to muscle activations. Despite the great interest that this approach generated in the last years in the Scientific Community, large areas of investigations remain available for further improvement (e.g. the influence of afferent feedback and environmental constrains) for both experimental and simulated models. However, also supraspinal structures are involved during locomotion, and it has been shown that they are responsible for initiating and modifying the features of this basic rhythm, for stabilising the upright walking, and for coordinating movements in a dynamic changing environment. Furthermore, specific damages into spinal and supraspinal structures result in specific alterations of human locomotion, as evident in subjects with brain injuries such as stroke, brain trauma, or people with cerebral palsy, in people with death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra due to Parkinson’s disease, or in subjects with cerebellar dysfunctions, such as patients with ataxia. The role of cerebellum during locomotion has been shown to be related to coordination and adaptation of movements. Cerebellum is the structure of CNS where are conceivably located the internal models, that are neural representations miming meaningful aspects of our body, such as input/output characteristics of sensorimotor system. Internal model control has been shown to be at the basis of motor strategies for compensating delays or lacks in sensorimotor feedbacks, and some aspects of locomotion need predictive internal control, especially for improving gait dynamic stability, for avoiding obstacles or when sensory feedback is altered or lacking. Furthermore, despite internal model concepts are widespread in neuroscience and neurocognitive science, neurorehabilitation paid far too little attention to the potential role of internal model control on gait recovery. Many important scientists have contributed to this Research Topic with original studies, computational studies, and review articles focused on neural circuits and internal models involved in the control of human locomotion, aiming at understanding the role played in control of locomotion of different neural circuits located at brain, cerebellum, and spinal cord levels.
Author: Richard M. Herman
Publisher: Springer
ISBN:
Category : Juvenile Nonfiction
Languages : en
Pages : 894
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Author: Ning Lan
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
ISBN: 2889451305
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 180
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Book Description
In the study of sensorimotor systems, an important research goal has been to understand the way neural networks in the spinal cord and brain interact to control voluntary movement. Computational modeling has provided insight into the interaction between centrally generated commands, proprioceptive feedback signals and the biomechanical responses of the moving body. Research in this field is also driven by the need to improve and optimize rehabilitation after nervous system injury and to devise biomimetic methods of control in robotic devices. This research topic is focused on efforts dedicated to identify and model the neuromechanical control of movement. Neural networks in the brain and spinal cord are known to generate patterned activity that mediates coordinated activation of multiple muscles in both rhythmic and discrete movements, e.g. locomotion and reaching. Commands descending from the higher centres in the CNS modulate the activity of spinal networks, which control movement on the basis of sensory feedback of various types, including that from proprioceptive afferents. The computational models will continue to shed light on the central strategies and mechanisms of sensorimotor control and learning. This research topic demonstrated that computational modeling is playing a more and more prominent role in the studies of postural and movement control. With increasing ability to gather data from all levels of the neuromechanical sensorimotor systems, there is a compelling need for novel, creative modeling of new and existing data sets, because the more systematic means to extract knowledge and insights about neural computations of sensorimotor systems from these data is through computational modeling. While models should be based on experimental data and validated with experimental evidence, they should also be flexible to provide a conceptual framework for unifying diverse data sets, to generate new insights of neural mechanisms, to integrate new data sets into the general framework, to validate or refute hypotheses and to suggest new testable hypotheses for future experimental investigation. It is thus expected that neural and computational modeling of the sensorimotor system should create new opportunities for experimentalists and modelers to collaborate in a joint endeavor to advance our understanding of the neural mechanisms for postural and movement control. The editors would like to thank Professor Arthur Prochazka, who helped initially to set up this research topic, and all authors who contributed their articles to this research topic. Our appreciation also goes to the reviewers, who volunteered their time and effort to help achieve the goal of this research topic. We would also like to thank the staff members of editorial office of Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience for their expertise in the process of manuscript handling, publishing, and in bringing this ebook to the readers. The support from the Editor-in-Chief, Dr. Misha Tsodyks and Dr. Si Wu is crucial for this research topic to come to a successful conclusion. We are indebted to Dr. Si Li and Ms. Ting Xu, whose assistant is important for this ebook to become a reality. Finally, this work is supported in part by grants to Dr. Ning Lan from the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (2011CB013304), the Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81271684, No. 61361160415, No. 81630050), and the Interdisciplinary Research Grant cross Engineering and Medicine by Shanghai Jiao Tong University (YG20148D09). Dr. Vincent Cheung is supported by startup funds from the Faculty of Medicine of The Chinese University of Hong Kong. Guest Associate Editors Ning Lan, Vincent Cheung, and Simon Gandevia
Author: S.A. Wallace
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0080867154
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 471
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Book Description
Is there a `right way' to study coordination? What experimental paradigms are appropriate? Are there laws and principles that the biological system uses to coordinate movement? Do all biological systems - human and otherwise - share these same principles? Is coordination inherited or acquired? Is it a central nervous system, muscular, or mechanical problem? Indeed, what is coordination and how can it be quantified?This volume attempts to help to answer some of these questions by bringing together a collection of conceptual approaches to and empirical investigations of the coordination of movement. The authors of the chapters are well known and respected researchers from a variety of disciplines.New theoretical developments such as in synergetics and dynamic pattern formation are presented together with extensive reviews and new experimental work on infant motor behavior, and the coordination of prehension, multi-limb, gait and speech movement. The volume contains perspectives on the problem of movement coordination relevant to various disciplines such as psychology, biology, engineering and robotics, physical education, physical therapy, kinesiology and physiology and so will be of interest to all students and scientists working in such fields.
Author: Taryn Klarner
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
For those who have suffered a stroke, damage to the brain can result in a decreased ability to walk. The traditional therapy used for the recovery of walking, body weight supported treadmill training, has significant labour requirements that limit the availability of training to the larger stroke population. Thus, the conception and application of new, effective, and efficient rehabilitation therapies is required.To approach this, an understating of the intricate neural control behind walking is needed to form the principled foundation upon which locomotor therapies are based. Due to observations that the arms and legs are connected in the nervous system during walking, and that nervous system control is the same across rhythmic tasks, arm and leg (A&L) cycling training could provide an effective means of locomotor rehabilitation. Thus, the goal of this dissertation is focused upon exploring central nervous system control and interlimb coordination during rhythmic arm and leg movement and testing the extent to which A&L cycling training improves walking after stroke. The first objective of this dissertation was to provide further evidence of central nervous system control of walking. Through a literature review in Chapter 1 and experimental evidence in Chapter 2 of common subcortical control across rhythmic locomotor tasks, evidence for the existence of central pattern generating networks in humans is given. The second objective was to explore interlimb coordination during rhythmic movement. Results presented in Chapters 3 and 4 further our understanding of specific interlimb interactions during rhythmic arm and leg tasks. The third objective was to evaluate the effects of an A&L cycling training intervention in a post-stroke population. To support this objective, it was shown in Chapter 5 that a multiple baseline design is appropriate for use in intervention studies. In Chapter 6, it was determined that A&L cycling training can be used to improve walking ability. And in Chapter 7, it was shown that training induced plasticity in interlimb reflex pathways. Overall, results in this dissertation provide further knowledge on nervous system control and arm and leg interlimb interactions during rhythmic movements and their effect on locomotor recovery following a stroke.
Author: Stephan P. Swinnen
Publisher: Academic Press
ISBN: 1483289249
Category : Psychology
Languages : en
Pages : 660
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Book Description
This comprehensive edited treatise discusses the neurological, physiological, and cognitive aspects of interlimb coordination. It is unique in promoting a multidisciplinary perspective through introductory chapter contributions from experts in the neurosciences, experimental and developmental psychology, and kinesiology. Beginning with chapters defining the neural basis of interlimb coordination in animals, the book progresses toward an understanding of human locomotor control and coordination and the underlying brain structures and nerves that make such control possible. Section two focuses on the dynamics of interlimb coordination and the physics of movement. The final section presents information on how practice and experience affect coordination, including general skill acquisition, learning to walk, and the process involved in rhythmic tapping.
