Modelling the Impact of Urban Form and Transport Provision on Transport-related Greenhouse Gas Emissions PDF Download
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Author: Les Chandra
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Australia
Languages : en
Pages : 173
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Book Description
Author: Les Chandra
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Australia
Languages : en
Pages : 173
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Book Description
Author: Irmeli Harmaajärvi
Publisher: Nordic Council of Ministers
ISBN: 9289310456
Category : City planning
Languages : en
Pages : 93
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Book Description
Urban sprawl has continued to spread in the Nordic countries over the past few decades, increasing the amount of transportation and transport-related greenhouse gas emissions. Urban planners need to take measures to reduce these ecological effects. Accessible, functional public transportation and high-quality cycling and walking networks will help reduce greenhouse gases, improve air quality and traffic safety, and create a more livable urban environment. We can further control the development of urban form and transportation systems through urban design, certain types of taxation, financing of urban infrastructure, traffic pricing, and parking policies. Planning alone cannot stop the urban sprawl. When considering and assessing different measures on a national level, we need to seriously consider legislative and fiscal issues, citizen participation, and other background forces. We need cooperation between researchers, politicians, civil servants, and citizens to better understand the economic, social, and environmental long-term effects of decisions concerning urban development, and we need a continuing discussion of urban-form problems in the Nordic countries to develop national solutions. This publication explores these issues.
Author: Nordic Council of Ministers
Publisher:
ISBN: 9789289337229
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
The Nordic countries have a lot of common features concerning urban form and transportation. Urban structure and land use have a great impact on transport volumes and on modal split and thereby also on the amount of transport related greenhouse gas emissions. Urban sprawl has been a continuous trend in all Nordic countries for decades. Intervention to this process is commonly seen as an important task. A relatively high density of urban areas, well-functioning and accessible public transport as well as high quality cycling and walking networks are measures that are most commonly referred to when aiming at reducing greenhouse gas emissions. These measures will promote other environmental and transport policy objectives as well. Instruments to develop urban form and transportation systems to reduce greenhouse gas emissions can be found in all planning and decision-making levels and sectors. These include especially land use and transport planning, urban design, certain types of taxation, financing of urban infrastructure, traffic pricing and parking policies as well as new ICT-related technologies. Better cooperation between researchers, politicians, civil servants and citizens is needed to find deeper understanding about economic, social and environmental long-term effects of decisions concerning urban development. Common understanding and interpretation of problems in the Nordic countries can promote favorable national solutions and decisions
Author: Tim Ryley
Publisher: Emerald Group Publishing
ISBN: 1780524412
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 409
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Book Description
This topical volume covers the intersection between transport and climate change, with papers from the 'Transport & Climate Change' session of the RGS-IBG conference in London, September 2010. It considers the role of transport modes at varying spatial dimensions and a range of perspectives on the relationship between transport and climate change.
Author: Tim Ryley
Publisher: Emerald Group Publishing
ISBN: 1780524404
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 409
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Book Description
This topical volume covers the intersection between transport and climate change, with papers from the 'Transport & Climate Change' session of the RGS-IBG conference in London, September 2010. It considers the role of transport modes at varying spatial dimensions and a range of perspectives on the relationship between transport and climate change.
Author: Abraham A. Mooney
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Automobiles
Languages : en
Pages : 115
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Book Description
Energy use and greenhouse gas emissions are on the forefront of planning policy in the world today. In the U.S., the transportation sector accounts for 50 percent of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, the most of any single sector. State and local levels of government have been very proactive in the mitigation of GHG, with Washington State as one of the leaders. Two state laws passed in 2008 mandate a reduction in GHG and vehicle miles traveled (VMT), a primary metric in measuring traffic. This research focuses on Skagit County, Washington, as we attempt to model and quantify both GHG and VMT as they are affected by land use development. This research relies heavily on the Envision software platform as it was used a project involving an agent based model of alternative future landscapes. The project provided spatial population and employment data in the context of various future development scenarios such as the compact development of the Ecosystem Scenario where the goal was 90% growth within urban growth areas. On the other extreme was the Development Scenario where up to 40% of the growth was allowed in remote and non-incorporated areas. A majority of the research of this thesis document is devoted to the development of a traffic model structured around the commute of 17 population centers to job centers within Skagit County. The population centers are defined by traffic area zones, or TAZ, that encompass the entire county. The model is unique in traffic modeling literature for its small number of population and destination centers. The countywide accuracy of the model is exemplary at -0.87% standard error relative to current Highway Performance Monitoring System VMT data, although it should be understood that this result has not been repeated by applying the same methodology to other counties. Given that buildings energy use is second to the transportation sector as the largest single contributor to GHG emissions, a residential building model was created, in which parcel level population densities characterize high and low density building development. Defined as Apartments and Houses, respectively, within the text, energy use values were assigned to each from climate-specific data of the Residential Energy Consumption Survey national data set. Thus, as population and employment grow in various development scenarios of the Envision-Skagit 2060 project, the GHG generation from buildings and vehicles is calculated for comparison. The compact development of the Ecosystem Scenario generated the least amount of GHG in both models. Only a 5.9% difference was found in GHGs generated from the building model in the two extreme growth scenarios (Ecosystem and Development). In the traffic model, a 19% difference was found in the VMT of the same two scenarios. Compact, near job center development creates more of an impact on GHG inventory in the transportation sector at approximately twice the GHG impact of compact buildings. Comparing our results to Washington State law mandated reductions for both VMT and GHGs, we find that neither will be met in the transportation or building sectors. When a applying the Energy Information Association's most efficient vehicle fuel efficiency scenario where all vehicles are projected to average 59.6 mpg we find that even the best combination of scenarios (Ecosystem land-use and 59.3 mpg vehicle efficiency) results in GHGs that are 1.8 times larger than those permissible by the law as applied to year 2050. Our results assume the same 'standard of living' as today applied to home appliances, heating/cooling, and vehicle use. The traffic model assumes all commuters continue to use all modes of transit in the same fractions as today: 77.4% use single occupancy vehicles, 12.6% use high occupancy vehicles, 1.0% mass transit, 4.6% walk or bike, and 4.4% work at home in Skagit County. Although increased use of mass transportation was not modeled in this research, it may be the only option given our findings, with regards to the Washington State reduction requirements. In any case, our most important result is a novel approach to traffic modeling that requires only spatial knowedge of population and employment in order to predict traffic and quantify GHG emissions as they change with urban form.
Author: Robin Hickman
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1135108021
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 688
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Book Description
Sustainable mobility has long been sought after in cities around the world, particularly in industrialised countries, but also increasingly in the emerging cities in Asia. Progress however appears difficult to make as the private car, still largely fuelled by petrol or diesel, remains the mainstream mode of use. Transport is the key sector where carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions seem difficult to reduce. Transport, Climate Change and the City seeks to develop achievable and low transport CO2 emission futures in a range of international case studies, including in London, Oxfordshire, Delhi, Jinan and Auckland. The aim is that the scenarios as developed, and the consideration of implementation and governance issues, can help us plan for and achieve attractive future travel behaviours at the city level. The alternative is to continue with only incremental progress against CO2 reduction targets, to ‘sleepwalk’ into climate change difficulties, oil scarcity, a poor quality of life, and to continue with the high traffic casualty figures. The topic is thus critical, with transport viewed as central to the achievement of the sustainable city and reduced CO2 emissions.
Author: David A. Hensher
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Choice of transportation
Languages : en
Pages : 24
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Book Description
Author: Peter Hughes
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1134052456
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 192
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Book Description
The issue of 'sustainability' in the developed world is nowhere more critical than in the field of personal travel, which in many countries has become the fastest-growing contributor to global warming. Unless the use of cars can be brought under control, there is little chance of meeting government targets for reducing greenhouse emissions. Personal Transport and the Greenhouse Effect sets out the steps that could be taken to lessen the conflict between personal mobility and long-term environmental security. It provides a detailed analysis of the policy options available for limiting carbon dioxide emissions, and highlights the limitations of technological measures in solving the problem. Instead, the book's 12-point plan for sustainability shows how a significant reduction in emissions requires the use of all the policy measures available. This valuable contribution to a crucial area of debate covering energy, transport policy and the environment will be essential reading for policy makers, planners and students alike. Peter Huges is deputy editor of Local Transport Today, and has contributed to a wide range of publications including The Daily Telegraph, The Guardian, New Scientist and Energy Policy. Originally published in 1993
Author: Yoshitsugu Hayashi
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3319065238
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 291
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Book Description
While intercity passenger transport counts for about 2% of the total passenger transport volume the share of the total passenger kilometers traveled is estimated more than one third. In many countries the major part of intercity transport is performed by car and air and as a result, the contribution to the carbon footprint is substantially higher than the share of overall passenger transport performance. This creates a challenge to develop a sustainable organization of intercity transport which requires a true joint effort of policy makers, industry sectors and households. This presupposes that all options for reducing the carbon footprint of the transport modes – car, air and rail – are fully exploited through modern propulsion technology, use of regenerative energy and efficient organization of transport processes. Basic conditions for meeting this requirement are an incentive compatible public framework of regulation, taxation, charging and education, the private willingness to adjust to new behavioral patterns and a consequent push of technological progress towards energy and CO2 savings. This book begins with an international comparison of intercity transport and the current state of greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) of this transport segment. A focus is given to comparing the situation in the EU, the US and Japan while describing the more recent development of intercity transport in China, followed by an analysis of intercity transport policies and their contribution to meet the global climate change issues. This book will be of interest to researchers in transportation economics and policy, as well as civil engineering and planning.
