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Languages : en
Pages : 63
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This report summarizes our current understanding of the physical, chemical, and biological processes that control the natural cycling of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the surface ocean. Because the physics of mixing at the ocean surface creates the essential framework for the chemistry and biology, and because the literature on surface ocean mixing is extensive, a major focus of the report is to review existing mixed layer models for the upper ocean and their implementation in global ocean circulation models. Three families of mixed layer models have been developed. The integrated turbulent kinetic energy'' (TKE) models construct a budget for surface ocean TKE, using the wind stress as source and dissipation as sink for TKE. The shear instability'' models maintain profiles of current velocity resulting from the wind stress. Turbulence closure'' models are the most general and the most complicated of the three types, and are based on laboratory studies of fluid turbulence. This paper explores behavioral distinctions between the three types of models, and summarizes previously published comparisons of the generality, accuracy, and computational requirements of the three models. The application of mixed layer models to treatment of sea ice is also reviewed. 101 refs., 7 figs., 1 tab.
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Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 70
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The pCO2 of the surface ocean is controlled by a combination of physical, chemical, and biological processes. Modeling surface ocean pCO2 is analogous to modeling sea surface temperature (SST), in that sea surface pCO2 is affected by fluxes across the air-sea interface and by exchange with deeper water. However, pCO2 is also affected by chemical and biological processes which have no analog in SST. Seawater pCO2 is buffered by pH equilibrium reactions between the species CO2, HCO3-, and CO3{sup =}. This effect provides an effective reservoir for CO2 in seawater that is 10 times larger than it would be for an unbuffered gas. The equilibrium between dissolved and atmospheric CO2 is sensitive to temperature, tending to higher pCO2 in warmer water. Biological export of carbon as sinking particles maintains a gradient of pCO2, with lower values near the surface (this processes is called the {open_quotes}biological pump{close_quotes}). In most of the ocean, biological activity removes all of the available nutrients from the surface water; that is, the rate of carbon export in these locations is limited by the rate of nutrient supply to the euphotic zone. However, in much of the high-latitude oceans, primary production does not deplete the euphotic zone of nutrients, a fact to which the atmospheric pCO2 is extraordinarily sensitive. Understanding the limits to phytoplankton growth in the high latitudes, and how these limits might change under different climatic regimes, is essential to prediction of future ocean uptake of fossil fuel CO2.
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Category : Government reports announcements & index
Languages : en
Pages : 1332
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Author:
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ISBN:
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 762
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Author: David Archer
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Carbon dioxide
Languages : en
Pages : 86
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Author:
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ISBN:
Category : Fisheries
Languages : en
Pages : 742
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Author: L. M. Rothstein
Publisher:
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Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 70
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Book Description
The pCO2 of the surface ocean is controlled by a combination of physical, chemical, and biological processes. Modeling surface ocean pCO2 is analogous to modeling sea surface temperature (SST), in that sea surface pCO2 is affected by fluxes across the air-sea interface and by exchange with deeper water. However, pCO2 is also affected by chemical and biological processes which have no analog in SST. Seawater pCO2 is buffered by pH equilibrium reactions between the species CO2, HCO3-, and CO3{sup =}. This effect provides an effective reservoir for CO2 in seawater that is 10 times larger than it would be for an unbuffered gas. The equilibrium between dissolved and atmospheric CO2 is sensitive to temperature, tending to higher pCO2 in warmer water. Biological export of carbon as sinking particles maintains a gradient of pCO2, with lower values near the surface (this processes is called the {open_quotes}biological pump{close_quotes}). In most of the ocean, biological activity removes all of the available nutrients from the surface water; that is, the rate of carbon export in these locations is limited by the rate of nutrient supply to the euphotic zone. However, in much of the high-latitude oceans, primary production does not deplete the euphotic zone of nutrients, a fact to which the atmospheric pCO2 is extraordinarily sensitive. Understanding the limits to phytoplankton growth in the high latitudes, and how these limits might change under different climatic regimes, is essential to prediction of future ocean uptake of fossil fuel CO2.
Author: Eric Bradshaw Kraus
Publisher: Pergamon
ISBN:
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 348
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Author: World Bank
Publisher: World Bank Publications
ISBN: 9780821323953
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 1422
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Book Description
The Republic of Korea's industrial policy has directed that nation's economy through nearly three decades of spectacular growth. But the authors of this paper maintain that this policy is showing signs of being outmoded. The time has come, the authors argue, for the Korean government to stop managing the economy's structural development and to redefine the responsibilities of business and government. Under this proposed compact, the allocation of resources would shift from the government to the private industrial and financial sectors. The transformation of the government bureaucracy from an ad hoc policy role to one of a transparent and predictable regulator is a key to the success of this undertaking. These new directions would present the government with enormous challenges. Greater competitive discipline and regulatory oversight would be required. While dealing with the complexities of the transition, the government would have to maintain macroeconomic stability and the momentum of savings and investment. For comparison, the study examines the industrial economies of France, Germany, Japan, and the United States, which underwent similar shifts.
