Modeling PCO2 in the Upper Ocean. a Review of Relevant Physical, Chemical and Biological Processes PDF Download
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Author: David Archer
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 61
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Book Description
Author: David Archer
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 61
Get Book Here
Book Description
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 70
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Book Description
The pCO2 of the surface ocean is controlled by a combination of physical, chemical, and biological processes. Modeling surface ocean pCO2 is analogous to modeling sea surface temperature (SST), in that sea surface pCO2 is affected by fluxes across the air-sea interface and by exchange with deeper water. However, pCO2 is also affected by chemical and biological processes which have no analog in SST. Seawater pCO2 is buffered by pH equilibrium reactions between the species CO2, HCO3-, and CO3{sup =}. This effect provides an effective reservoir for CO2 in seawater that is 10 times larger than it would be for an unbuffered gas. The equilibrium between dissolved and atmospheric CO2 is sensitive to temperature, tending to higher pCO2 in warmer water. Biological export of carbon as sinking particles maintains a gradient of pCO2, with lower values near the surface (this processes is called the {open_quotes}biological pump{close_quotes}). In most of the ocean, biological activity removes all of the available nutrients from the surface water; that is, the rate of carbon export in these locations is limited by the rate of nutrient supply to the euphotic zone. However, in much of the high-latitude oceans, primary production does not deplete the euphotic zone of nutrients, a fact to which the atmospheric pCO2 is extraordinarily sensitive. Understanding the limits to phytoplankton growth in the high latitudes, and how these limits might change under different climatic regimes, is essential to prediction of future ocean uptake of fossil fuel CO2.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 70
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Book Description
The pCO2 of the surface ocean is controlled by a combination of physical, chemical, and biological processes. Modeling surface ocean pCO2 is analogous to modeling sea surface temperature (SST), in that sea surface pCO2 is affected by fluxes across the air-sea interface and by exchange with deeper water. However, pCO2 is also affected by chemical and biological processes which have no analog in SST. Seawater pCO2 is buffered by pH equilibrium reactions between the species CO2, HCO3-, and CO3{sup =}. This effect provides an effective reservoir for CO2 in seawater that is 10 times larger than it would be for an unbuffered gas. The equilibrium between dissolved and atmospheric CO2 is sensitive to temperature, tending to higher pCO2 in warmer water. Biological export of carbon as sinking particles maintains a gradient of pCO2, with lower values near the surface (this processes is called the {open_quotes}biological pump{close_quotes}). In most of the ocean, biological activity removes all of the available nutrients from the surface water; that is, the rate of carbon export in these locations is limited by the rate of nutrient supply to the euphotic zone. However, in much of the high-latitude oceans, primary production does not deplete the euphotic zone of nutrients, a fact to which the atmospheric pCO2 is extraordinarily sensitive. Understanding the limits to phytoplankton growth in the high latitudes, and how these limits might change under different climatic regimes, is essential to prediction of future ocean uptake of fossil fuel CO2.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 63
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Book Description
This report summarizes our current understanding of the physical, chemical, and biological processes that control the natural cycling of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the surface ocean. Because the physics of mixing at the ocean surface creates the essential framework for the chemistry and biology, and because the literature on surface ocean mixing is extensive, a major focus of the report is to review existing mixed layer models for the upper ocean and their implementation in global ocean circulation models. Three families of mixed layer models have been developed. The integrated turbulent kinetic energy'' (TKE) models construct a budget for surface ocean TKE, using the wind stress as source and dissipation as sink for TKE. The shear instability'' models maintain profiles of current velocity resulting from the wind stress. Turbulence closure'' models are the most general and the most complicated of the three types, and are based on laboratory studies of fluid turbulence. This paper explores behavioral distinctions between the three types of models, and summarizes previously published comparisons of the generality, accuracy, and computational requirements of the three models. The application of mixed layer models to treatment of sea ice is also reviewed. 101 refs., 7 figs., 1 tab.
Author:
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Category : Aeronautics
Languages : en
Pages : 256
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Author: David Archer
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Carbon dioxide
Languages : en
Pages : 86
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Author: Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (U.S.)
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Atmospheric carbon dioxide
Languages : en
Pages : 188
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Author:
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ISBN:
Category : Atmospheric carbon dioxide
Languages : en
Pages : 158
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Author: Jürgen Willebrand
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 364284975X
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 477
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Book Description
The ocean plays a central role in determining the climate of the earth. The oceanic circulation largely controls the temporal evolution of cli mate changes resulting from human activities such as the increase of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, and also affects the magnitude and regional distribution of those changes. On interannual and longer time scales the ocean is, through its interaction with the atmosphere, a source of important natural climate variations which we are only now beginning to recognise but whose cause has yet to be properly determined. Chem ical and biological processes in the ocean are linked to climate change, particularly through interaction with the global carbon cycle. A quantitative understanding of the oceanic role in the climate system requires models which include many complex processes and interactions, and which are systematically verified with observations. This is the ob jective of global research programs such as TOGA, WOCE, and JGOFS. Coupled numerical models of the oceanic and atmospheric circulation constitute the basis of every climate simulation. Increasingly it is recog nized that in addition a biological/chemical component is necessary to capture the pathways of carbon and other trace gases. The development of such coupled models is a challenging task which needs scientists who must be cognizant of several other disciplines beyond their own specialty.
Author:
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Category : Power resources
Languages : en
Pages : 678
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