Mid-infrared Absorption Sensor for CO Concentration and Temperature Measurements for Pyrolysis and Oxidation Behind Reflected Shock Waves PDF Download
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Author: Bo Shu
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Author: Bo Shu
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Author: Jeremy Vanderover
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781124203256
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 258
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Author: Erwin Foster Lowry
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Absorption spectra
Languages : en
Pages : 24
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Author: Salvador Rego Barcena
Publisher:
ISBN: 9780494579169
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 268
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Book Description
A novel technique for measuring gas temperature and spectral particle emissivity in high-temperature gas-particle streams is presented. The main application of this optical sensor is to improve the process control of batch unit operations, such as steelmaking furnaces. The spectral emission profile of CO and CO2 and the continuous particle emission in the 3.5 to 5 mum wavelength region was recorded and analyzed in real time with a low-resolution passive sensor. The sensor consisted of light collecting optics, a dispersion element (grating spectrometer) and a 64-pixel pyroelectric array. Wavelength and radiance calibrations were performed. The temperature of the gas-particle medium (Tg+p) followed from the least-squares minimization of the difference between the measured radiance in the 4.56-4.7 mum region---which saturates due to the large CO2 concentrations and path lengths in industrial furnaces---and the corresponding blackbody radiance. Particle emissivity (&egr;p) was calculated at 3.95 mum from an asymptotic approximation of the Radiative Transfer Equation that yields the emerging radiance from a semi-infinite particle cloud. The major source of error in the magnitude of Tg+p and &egr; p could come from particle scattering. Through the method of embedded invariance an expression was developed to estimate the lowering effect of particle size and volume fraction on the saturation of the 4.56-4.7 mum CO2 emission region. An iterative procedure for correcting the values of the gas-particle temperature and particle emissivity was applied to the datasets from the two industrial tests. Results from the measurement campaigns with the infrared sensor prototype at two full-scale furnaces are presented. A proof-of-concept test at a coal-fired boiler for electricity production was followed by more extensive measurements at a Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF) for steelmaking. The second test provided temperature and particle emissivity profiles for eight heats, which highlighted the simplicity of the technique in obtaining in-situ measurements for modeling studies. Through the analysis of the particle emissivity profile in the BOF and the definition of a new variable---the minimum carbon time---a novel end-point strategy to stop the injection of high-purity oxygen during low-carbon heats in BOF converters was proposed.
Author: Yaakov M. Timnat
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 30
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Author: Robert Brian Bailey
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 276
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Author: Ivanka Stanimirović
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781838815769
Category : Infrared detectors
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Author: Ronald K. Hanson
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3319232525
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 290
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Book Description
This text provides an introduction to the science that governs the interaction of light and matter (in the gas phase). It provides readers with the basic knowledge to exploit the light-matter interaction to develop quantitative tools for gas analysis (i.e. optical diagnostics) and understand and interpret the results of spectroscopic measurements. The authors pair the basics of gas‐phase spectroscopy with coverage of key optical diagnostic techniques utilized by practicing engineers and scientists to measure fundamental flow‐field properties. The text is organized to cover three sub‐topics of gas‐phase spectroscopy: (1) spectral line positions, (2) spectral line strengths, and (3) spectral lineshapes by way of absorption, emission, and scattering interactions. The latter part of the book describes optical measurement techniques and equipment. Key subspecialties include laser induced fluorescence, tunable laser absorption spectroscopy, and wavelength modulation spectroscopy. It is ideal for students and practitioners across a range of applied sciences including mechanical, aerospace, chemical, and materials engineering.
Author: Kyle D. Thurmond
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 70
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Book Description
This thesis discusses a sensor that was developed for simultaneous, time resolved measurements of carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2). This sensor utilizes low-cost and compact light emitting diodes (LEDs) that emit in the 3-5[micrometer] wavelength range. Light emission of LEDs is spectrally broader and more spatially divergent compared to that of lasers, which presented many design challenges. Optical design studies addressed some of the non-ideal characteristics of the LED emissions. Measurements of CO and CO2 were conducted using their fundamental absorption bands centered at 4.7[micrometer] and 4.3[micrometer], respectively, while a 3.6[micrometer] reference LED was used to account for scattering losses (e.g., due to soot, window deposits, etc.) common to the three measurement LEDs. Instrument validation and calibration was performed using a laboratory flow cell and bottled-gas mixtures. The sensor was able to detect CO2 and CO concentration changes as small as 30 ppm and 400 ppm, respectively. Because of the many control and monitor species with infra-red absorption features, which can be measured using the strategy described, this work demonstrates proof of concept for a wider range of fast (250Hz) and low cost sensors for gas measurement and process monitoring.
Author: C. J. Fisher
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 32
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Book Description
The analytic basis of an optical absorption technique suitable for a single line-of-sight determination of average gaseous species number densities in the presence of concentration, pressure and temperature gradients, and particulate loading is presented and applied to carbon monoxide (CO). Applying the technique involves using the power of very high-resolution infrared (IR) spectroscopy, now made available by tunable diode lasers. The method requires the construction of functions of molecular line strengths that are nearly temperature independent. A method of constructing these functions is described and applied to the case of CO. Possible applications to practical combustion systems are also outlined. (Author).
