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Author: Guus Roeselers
Publisher: Guus Roeselers
ISBN: 9090221646
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 120
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Book Description
Biofilms are layered structures of microbial cells and an extracellular matrix of polymeric substances, associated with surfaces and interfaces. Biofilms trap nutrients for growth of the enclosed microbial community and help prevent detachment of cells from surfaces in flowing systems. Phototrophic biofilms can best be defined as surface attached microbial communities mainly driven by light as the energy source with a photosynthesizing component clearly present. Eukaryotic algae and cyanobacteria generate energy and reduce carbon dioxide, providing organic substrates and oxygen. The photosynthetic activity fuels processes and conversions in the total biofilm community, including the heterotrophic fraction. This thesis starts with a brief introduction in the ecology of phototrophic biofilms and discusses their actual and potential applications in wastewater treatment, bioremediation, fish-feed production, biohydrogen production, and soil improvement and their role in biofouling. The next chapter describes the diversity of phototrophic bacteria in hot spring microbial mats found on the east coast of Greenland. In this study we utilized a polyphasic approach using a combination of isolation techniques, microscopic observation of morphological features, and cultivation-independent molecular methods. We observed a relationship between the cyanobacterial community composition and the in situ temperatures of different microbial mat parts. Chapter 4 focuses on the successional changes in community composition of freshwater phototrophic biofilms growing under different light intensities. Our results suggest that surface colonization by heterotrophic pioneers facilitates the development of phototrophic biofilms. In Chapter 5 we compared the community composition of phototrophic biofilms cultivated in three microcosm systems operated under identical conditions but placed in different laboratories. Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis of both 16S and 18S rRNA gene fragments showed that the communities developed differently in terms of species richness and community composition. Chapter 6 demonstrates that nifD gene sequences, coding for a nitrogenase subunit, can be used to detect and identify diazotrophic cyanobacteria in natural communities. PCR products generated using primers homologous to conserved regions in the cyanobacterial nifD genes were subjected to DGGE and clone library analysis in order to determine the genetic diversity of diazotrophic cyanobacteria in environmental samples. In the last chapter we describe the development of PCR primers targeting conserved regions within the cyanobacterial hupS gene family. This gene is involved in the hydrogen metabolism of diazotrophic microorganisms. We analyzed hupS diversity and transcription in cultivated phototrophic biofilms by the direct retrieval and analysis of mRNA that was reverse transcribed, amplified with hupS specific primers, and cloned. Overall, the community composition and species richness of phototrophic biofilms was shown to be highly variable. Cultivation-independent molecular methods proved very useful to study diversity and function in phototrophic biofilms.
Author: Guus Roeselers
Publisher: Guus Roeselers
ISBN: 9090221646
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 120
Get Book Here
Book Description
Biofilms are layered structures of microbial cells and an extracellular matrix of polymeric substances, associated with surfaces and interfaces. Biofilms trap nutrients for growth of the enclosed microbial community and help prevent detachment of cells from surfaces in flowing systems. Phototrophic biofilms can best be defined as surface attached microbial communities mainly driven by light as the energy source with a photosynthesizing component clearly present. Eukaryotic algae and cyanobacteria generate energy and reduce carbon dioxide, providing organic substrates and oxygen. The photosynthetic activity fuels processes and conversions in the total biofilm community, including the heterotrophic fraction. This thesis starts with a brief introduction in the ecology of phototrophic biofilms and discusses their actual and potential applications in wastewater treatment, bioremediation, fish-feed production, biohydrogen production, and soil improvement and their role in biofouling. The next chapter describes the diversity of phototrophic bacteria in hot spring microbial mats found on the east coast of Greenland. In this study we utilized a polyphasic approach using a combination of isolation techniques, microscopic observation of morphological features, and cultivation-independent molecular methods. We observed a relationship between the cyanobacterial community composition and the in situ temperatures of different microbial mat parts. Chapter 4 focuses on the successional changes in community composition of freshwater phototrophic biofilms growing under different light intensities. Our results suggest that surface colonization by heterotrophic pioneers facilitates the development of phototrophic biofilms. In Chapter 5 we compared the community composition of phototrophic biofilms cultivated in three microcosm systems operated under identical conditions but placed in different laboratories. Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis of both 16S and 18S rRNA gene fragments showed that the communities developed differently in terms of species richness and community composition. Chapter 6 demonstrates that nifD gene sequences, coding for a nitrogenase subunit, can be used to detect and identify diazotrophic cyanobacteria in natural communities. PCR products generated using primers homologous to conserved regions in the cyanobacterial nifD genes were subjected to DGGE and clone library analysis in order to determine the genetic diversity of diazotrophic cyanobacteria in environmental samples. In the last chapter we describe the development of PCR primers targeting conserved regions within the cyanobacterial hupS gene family. This gene is involved in the hydrogen metabolism of diazotrophic microorganisms. We analyzed hupS diversity and transcription in cultivated phototrophic biofilms by the direct retrieval and analysis of mRNA that was reverse transcribed, amplified with hupS specific primers, and cloned. Overall, the community composition and species richness of phototrophic biofilms was shown to be highly variable. Cultivation-independent molecular methods proved very useful to study diversity and function in phototrophic biofilms.
Author: Ralph Mitchell
Publisher: Archetype Publications
ISBN: 9781909492646
Category : Archaeology
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
The world's monuments, art objects and archeology are at increasing risk of deterioration from environmental threats e.g. climate change, air pollution, and tourism. Microorganisms play a central role in these deterioration processes. They grow both on the surface and in the interiors of many materials. Our understanding of the role that the microbial community plays in these activities has improved significantly in recent years and a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of degradation is now possible. In addition, new tools have opened the door to the use of bacteria as protective agents. In this book, contributors have focused on the essential role that biodeterioration plays in both the deterioration and preservation of a wide range of materials. The volume brings together recent research by conservation microbiologists working in diverse environments. In addition, papers are included on the effects of microbial biofilms and climate change on the biodeterioration process. It is hoped that this book will prove helpful to microbiologists, chemists, and other scientists working in the field of conservation. It should also be useful to practicing conservators, and individuals in public policy concerned with the protection of our world's cultural heritage treasures. Contents: SECTION I - THE IMPACT OF THE ENVIRONMENT ON BIODETERIORATION AND PRESERVATION OF HERITAGE MATERIALS The Importance of Microbial Biofilms in Deterioration of Heritage Materials - Marc W. Mittleman Effects of Climate Change on the Biodeterioration of Historic Materials - Peter Brimblecombe SECTION II - BIODETERIORATION AND PRESERVATION PROCESSES Microbial Processes Involved in Deterioration of Paper and Parchment - Flavia Pinzari Biodeterioration of Photographic and Cinematographic Materials: Methods of Investigation - Domenico Pangallo Biodeterioration of easel paintings - An overview - A. Teresa Caldeira, Cátia Salvador, Tânia Rosado, and António Candeias Modern materials and contemporary art - Francesca Cappitelli and Federica Villa Use of dyes as a method to control textile biodeterioration - Barbara Blyskal Biodeterioration of paintings in caves, catacombs, and other hypogean sites - Clara Urzi, Laura Bruno, and Filomena De Leo Limestone Biodeterioration: Examples from Portugal - A.C. Pinheiro, N. Mesquita, and António Portugal Reasons for Removing Biological Materials from Calcareous Stone Monuments - Margaret Breuker and Joannie Bottkol.
Author: Robert E. Riding
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 3662040360
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 344
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Book Description
This volume provides a comprehensive overview of the rapidly developing field of microbial sediments, featuring excellent artwork. It contains authoritative and stimulating contributions by distinguished authors that cover the field and set the scene for future advances.
Author: Surajit Das
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0323983081
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 774
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Book Description
**Selected for Doody's Core Titles® 2024 in Microbiology**Understanding Microbial Biofilms: Fundamentals to Applications focuses on the microbial biofilms of different environments. The book provides a comprehensive overview of the fundamental aspects of microbial biofilms, their existence in nature, their significance, and the different clinical and environmental problems associated with them. The book covers both the fundamentals and applications of microbial biofilms, with chapters on the introduction to the microbial community and its architecture, physiology, mechanisms and imaging of biofilms in nature and fungal, algal, and bacillus biofilm control. In addition, the book highlights the molecular and biochemical aspects of bacterial biofilms, providing a compilation of chapters on the bacterial community and communication from different environments. Finally, the book covers recent advancements in various aspects of microbial biofilms including the chapters on their biotechnological applications. All the chapters are written by experts who have been working on different aspects of microbial biofilms. - Illustrates fundamental aspects surrounding microbial biofilms, along with recent advancements - Provides an overview on the principal aspects of biofilms, i.e., formation, regulation, distribution, control, and application - Updates on the progress on biofilm regulation through 'omics' - Serves as a classical manual for all researchers, academicians, and students who would want complete insights on biofilms in a single resource - Covers all recent advancements and amendments on microbial biofilms
Author: Michael A. Borowitzka
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3319249452
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 673
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Book Description
This book covers the state-of-the-art of microalgae physiology and biochemistry (and the several –omics). It serves as a key reference work for those working with microalgae, whether in the lab, the field, or for commercial applications. It is aimed at new entrants into the field (i.e. PhD students) as well as experienced practitioners. It has been over 40 years since the publication of a book on algal physiology. Apart from reviews and chapters no other comprehensive book on this topic has been published. Research on microalgae has expanded enormously since then, as has the commercial exploitation of microalgae. This volume thoroughly deals with the most critical physiological and biochemical processes governing algal growth and production.
Author: Bettina Weber
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3319302140
Category : Nature
Languages : en
Pages : 540
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Book Description
This volume summarizes our current understanding of biological soil crusts (biocrusts), which are omnipresent in dryland regions. Since they cover the soil surface, they influence, or even control, all surface exchange processes. Being one of the oldest terrestrial communities, biocrusts comprise a high diversity of cyanobacteria, algae, lichens and bryophytes together with uncounted bacteria, and fungi. The authors show that biocrusts are an integral part of dryland ecosystems, stabilizing soils, influencing plant germination and growth, and playing a key role in carbon, nitrogen and water cycling. Initial attempts have been made to use biocrusts as models in ecological theory. On the other hand, biocrusts are endangered by local disruptions and global change, highlighting the need for enhanced recovery methods. This book offers a comprehensive overview of the fascinating field of biocrust research, making it indispensable not only for scientists in this area, but also for land managers, policy makers, and anyone interested in the environment.
Author: Jost Wingender
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 3642601472
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 266
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Book Description
Microbial extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) are the key components for the aggregation of microorganisms in biofilms, flocs and sludge. They are composed of polysaccharides, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids and other biological macromolecules. EPS provide a highly hydrated gel matrix in which microbial cells can establish stable synergistic consortia. Cohesion and adhesion as well as morphology, structure, biological function and other properties such as mechanical stability, diffusion, sorption and optical properties of microbial aggregates are determined by the EPS matrix. Also, the protection of biofilm organisms against biocides is attributed to the EPS. Their matrix allows phase separation in biofiltration and is also important for the degradation of particulate material which is of great importance for the self purification processes in surface waters and for waste water treatment.
Author: Eugene D. Weinberg
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 520
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Book Description
Author: Cindy H. Nakatsu
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 155581882X
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 1042
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Book Description
The single most comprehensive resource for environmental microbiology Environmental microbiology, the study of the roles that microbes play in all planetary environments, is one of the most important areas of scientific research. The Manual of Environmental Microbiology, Fourth Edition, provides comprehensive coverage of this critical and growing field. Thoroughly updated and revised, the Manual is the definitive reference for information on microbes in air, water, and soil and their impact on human health and welfare. Written in accessible, clear prose, the manual covers four broad areas: general methodologies, environmental public health microbiology, microbial ecology, and biodegradation and biotransformation. This wealth of information is divided into 18 sections each containing chapters written by acknowledged topical experts from the international community. Specifically, this new edition of the Manual Contains completely new sections covering microbial risk assessment, quality control, and microbial source tracking Incorporates a summary of the latest methodologies used to study microorganisms in various environments Synthesizes the latest information on the assessment of microbial presence and microbial activity in natural and artificial environments The Manual of Environmental Microbiology is an essential reference for environmental microbiologists, microbial ecologists, and environmental engineers, as well as those interested in human diseases, water and wastewater treatment, and biotechnology.
Author: Gavin Lear
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781912530502
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
