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Author: Tanima Bose
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0323901441
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 404
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Book Description
Microbes, Microbial Metabolism and Mucosal Immunity: An Overview presents a concise and well-vetted treatise on the study of microbiome and microbial metabolites. This volume is up-to-date with the most recent developments from the last decade. It encompasses the interaction of immunity and microbes - and their metabolites - from different mucosal organs including gastrointestinal system, lung, oral cavity, eye. Along with the efficiency of the immune system in inhibiting the growth and proliferation of microbes, the volume discusses how the mediators of the immune system can be targeted to develop therapies. This book presents the latest methods, gives broad and systematic coverage of most mucosal systems and diseases, and takes a fresh perspective that looks at the functional aspects of change in the microbiome. The study of microbiome and microbial metabolites and their roles in host mucosal immunology is a rapidly developing area of research. One major way in which the microbiome influences the host is through altered metabolism. Metabolites, readily available to the host, engender significant consequences. Microbial metabolites have been shown to impact the disease processes in both proximal and distal organs, including the brain in several neurocognitive disorders.
Author: Tanima Bose
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0323901441
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 404
Get Book Here
Book Description
Microbes, Microbial Metabolism and Mucosal Immunity: An Overview presents a concise and well-vetted treatise on the study of microbiome and microbial metabolites. This volume is up-to-date with the most recent developments from the last decade. It encompasses the interaction of immunity and microbes - and their metabolites - from different mucosal organs including gastrointestinal system, lung, oral cavity, eye. Along with the efficiency of the immune system in inhibiting the growth and proliferation of microbes, the volume discusses how the mediators of the immune system can be targeted to develop therapies. This book presents the latest methods, gives broad and systematic coverage of most mucosal systems and diseases, and takes a fresh perspective that looks at the functional aspects of change in the microbiome. The study of microbiome and microbial metabolites and their roles in host mucosal immunology is a rapidly developing area of research. One major way in which the microbiome influences the host is through altered metabolism. Metabolites, readily available to the host, engender significant consequences. Microbial metabolites have been shown to impact the disease processes in both proximal and distal organs, including the brain in several neurocognitive disorders.
Author: Michael H. Kogut
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 3030903036
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 328
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Book Description
This work sheds new light on the interplay between the gut, gut microbiota, and host physiological processes in production animals. The gut microbiome shapes health and susceptibility to disease and has become a leading area of research in the animal sciences. Gut health encompasses a number of physiological and functional features. Nutrient digestion and absorption, host metabolism and energy generation, a stable microbiome, mucus layer development, barrier function, and mucosal immune responses; all of which are required to interact to make an animal perform physiologically and according to its greatest genetic potential. This carefully presented book broadens our vision, approach and results on gut health and the ability to regulate animal production. Understanding the chemistry of microbiomes has broad implications, including providing functional annotations for the microbial genomes, insights into the chemical languages that link microbes to each other and to their host, and translational implications for precision veterinary medicine, environmental health, and sustainable animal agriculture and welfare. Experts working in microbiome research, host immunity, and animal production, veterinarians and researchers in livestock science will understand the great importance of this volume.
Author: Katti R. Crakes
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
Background: Human body surfaces are lined by mucosal membranes composed of epithelial cells which serve as the primary barrier for protection against pathogens. These mucous membranes function in a shared environment with resident microbes, creating a complex ecosystem with communal sources of nutrients for the host as well as its microbes. Encounters with viral, fungal, and bacterial pathogens can directly or indirectly damage epithelial cells, disrupting tight junctions that keep mucosal barriers intact. Disruption of epithelial barriers lead to downstream inflammation, translocation of microbial products into the bloodstream, and exacerbation of disease. For example, Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV) proteins can target zonula occludens for viral entry and dissemination, Clostridium perfringens utilizes claudin proteins as receptors for entry, and candidalysin toxin from Candida albicans targets junctional complexes for translocation, all of which induce permeability in epithelial barriers. Furthermore, autoimmune diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease and diabetes exhibit similar pathologies in intestinal barrier disruption and microbial dysbiosis. While these barrier defects have been observed across a broad range of diseases, there is a lack of understanding in how tight junctions are regulated by epithelial cells and which therapeutic targets will be effective. My dissertation takes two approaches to address this issue: 1) mucosal repair in chronic inflammation and 2) mucosal protection against pathogens. I hypothesized that strategies targeting entry of pathogens and cellular metabolism at mucosal sites will be fundamental for effective prevention and treatment of chronic diseases. This dissertation presents three studies that advance our knowledge about mucosal repair/protection by leveraging host-microbial metabolic pathways and mucoadhesive drug delivery systems. 1: Repair of gut epithelial barriers during SIV-induced chronic gut inflammation through the mitochondria-microbiota crosstalk. Chronic gut inflammatory diseases are associated with disruption of intestinal epithelial barriers and impaired mucosal immunity. HIV causes depletion of mucosal CD4+ T cells early in infection and disruption of gut epithelium, resulting in chronic inflammation and immunodeficiency. Although antiretroviral therapy is effective in suppressing viral replication, it is incapable of restoring the "leaky gut," which poses an impediment for HIV cure efforts. Using the intestinal loop model in SIV-infected rhesus macaques, we found rapid repair of gut epithelial barriers within five hours of administering Lactobacillus plantarum into virally inflamed gut. The rapid recovery was driven by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR[alpha]) activation and occurred independent of mucosal CD4+ T cell recovery, highlighting a metabolic repair pathway in mitochondrial [beta]-oxidation that can be targeted for epithelial repair prior to complete immune recovery. These findings highlight the critical role of PPAR[alpha] at the intersection between microbial metabolism and epithelial repair in virally inflamed gut and as a potential mitochondrial target for restoring gut barriers in infectious or inflammatory diseases. Study 2: Renewal of gut epithelial barriers in metabolic disease through PPAR[alpha] signaling at the host-microbe interface in metabolic disease. Metabolic disease affects approximately one-third of the US adult population, and is defined by pathological conditions associated with obesity, insulin resistance, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. Metabolic disease is concomitant to dysfunctions in the intestinal barrier and an increased risk for mucosal infection and systemic inflammation, all of which are poorly understood. Using a canine model of diabetes mellitus (DM), we translated our findings in Study 1 and tested the clinical translation of PPAR[alpha] activation on gut epithelial barriers using fenofibrate, a known PPAR[alpha] agonist. We found that a 3-week oral dosage of fenofibrate alleviates small intestinal barrier disruption and improves lipid metabolism in dogs with DM. Reduction of plasma triglycerides after 3 weeks correlated with lower immune activation and reduction of intraepithelial T lymphocytes in the duodenum. The gut microbial composition remained stable after fenofibrate administration, suggesting that repair of intestinal barriers can be achieved independent of surrounding microbiota. These findings indicate that lipid metabolism is essential to functionality of the gut epithelium, which can be rescued by PPAR[alpha] activation in DM. Study 3: Protection of genital mucosal surfaces against HIV and SHIV viruses using Silk fibroin mucoadhesive delivery platform. Efforts to end the AIDS epidemic using anti-retroviral therapy have been widely successful in reducing HIV-related deaths. However, challenges for the prevention of new HIV infections have not been fully resolved. Most new HIV infections occur through mucosal transmission, so it is imperative that HIV prevention platforms are effective at mucosal sites, can be produced inexpensively, and are accessible to vulnerable populations. In these cases, protection against HIV transmission must overcome individual-to-individual variation in the context of mucosal microbiota composition, host metabolic status, and immune response. In this study, we developed a silk fibroin (SF)-based drug delivery platform that encapsulates a potent HIV entry inhibitor Griffithsin (Grft) that can be readily administered into genital mucosal sites for HIV prevention. The SF formulation, capable of holding several anti-HIV proteins, is thermodynamically stable for over one year, can be released over the course of one month, and provides an innovative platform that is safe and effective against transmission of HIV. We demonstrate the safety and efficacy of SF-Grft in both vaginal and rectal compartments using a non-human primate model in vivo and human explant cultures ex vivo. Effective release and mucosal adherence of SF-Grft protected against HIV and SHIV challenge with negligible changes in local microbiota or inflammatory responses. These findings provide support for the development of SF as an effective HIV prevention modality at mucosal sites to help address the global disparity in HIV infection. Conclusion: These studies provide novel insights into new metabolic targets to repair inflamed gut mucosa and impart protection against pathogens at mucosal surfaces through innovative mucoadhesive technology. This dissertation deciphers the molecular, cellular, and microbial components involved in chronic gut inflammatory diseases, identifies molecular mechanisms of reversing mucosal damage, and defines the significance of addressing this complexity to bolster systemic and mucosal health.
Author: Tanima Bose
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 032390145X
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 406
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Book Description
Microbes, Microbial Metabolism and Mucosal Immunity: An Overview presents a concise and well-vetted treatise on the study of microbiome and microbial metabolites. This volume is up-to-date with the most recent developments from the last decade. It encompasses the interaction of immunity and microbes — and their metabolites — from different mucosal organs including gastrointestinal system, lung, oral cavity, eye. Along with the efficiency of the immune system in inhibiting the growth and proliferation of microbes, the volume discusses how the mediators of the immune system can be targeted to develop therapies. This book presents the latest methods, gives broad and systematic coverage of most mucosal systems and diseases, and takes a fresh perspective that looks at the functional aspects of change in the microbiome. The study of microbiome and microbial metabolites and their roles in host mucosal immunology is a rapidly developing area of research. One major way in which the microbiome influences the host is through altered metabolism. Metabolites, readily available to the host, engender significant consequences. Microbial metabolites have been shown to impact the disease processes in both proximal and distal organs, including the brain in several neurocognitive disorders. Offers a concise solution for the study of microbiome, microbial metabolism, and mucosal immunology Presents contemporary studies that incorporate the latest research methods Gives a broad and systematic accounting of most mucosal systems and diseases Looks at the functional aspects of changes to the microbiome as well as specific changes to microbiota Affords entry-level and advanced readers with the theory and knowledge needed for further research
Author: M. J. Hill
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 1351091441
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 408
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Book Description
In this book an attempt has been made to give an update on the flora of the human digestive tract and its role in disease. This is a subject that has implications in many disciplines and therefore is aimed at not only microbiologists, but also clinicians, dentists, medical researchers, biochemists, and toxicologists who have a background knowledge of bacteriology but are not necessarily directly involved in research into the metabolic actions of gut bacteria.
Author: John H. Cummings
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 9780521616133
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 602
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Book Description
This is the first comprehensive volume to look at the importance of short-chain fatty acids in digestion, the function of the large intestine and their role in human health. Short-chain fatty acids are the major product of bacterial fermentation of dietary carbohydrates in the human and animal large intestine. They represent the major end products of digestive processes occurring in the caecum and large intestine. As such, they form an important dietary component and it is increasingly recognised that they may have a significant role in protecting against large bowel cancer and in metabolism. Prepared by an international team of contributors who are at the forefront of this area of research, this volume will be an essential source of reference for gastroenterologists, nutritionists and others active in this area.
Author: Mark Lyte
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1441955763
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 325
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Book Description
Microbial endocrinology represents a newly emerging interdisciplinary field that is formed by the intersection of the fields of neurobiology and microbiology. This book will introduce a new perspective to the current understanding not only of the factors that mediate the ability of microbes to cause disease, but also to the mechanisms that maintain normal homeostasis. The discovery that microbes can directly respond to neuroendocrine hormones, as evidenced by increased growth and production of virulence-associated factors, provides for a new framework with which to investigate how microorganisms interface not only with vertebrates, but also with invertebrates and even plants. The reader will learn that the neuroendocrine hormones that one most commonly associates with mammals are actually found throughout the plant, insect and microbial communities to an extent that will undoubtedly surprise many, and most importantly, how interactions between microbes and neuroendocrine hormones can influence the pathophysiology of infectious disease.
Author: Georgios N. Belibasakis
Publisher: Springer Nature
ISBN: 3030285243
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 192
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Book Description
The first International Conference on Oral Mucosal Immunity and Microbiome (OMIM) aimed to highlight cutting-edge basic and translational research from an oral immunological and microbiological perspective. Oral diseases with a microbial etiology are the most prevalent chronic diseases of humans. Whilst not life-threatening, they can significantly compromise quality of life, are associated with increased risk for certain systemic diseases, and pose heavy financial burdens to national health systems. Hence, periodontal and peri-implant diseases, dental caries, root canal infections and mucosal infections are significant global public health problems. In this book global experts summarize and discuss the latest progress made in oral mucosal immunity and the oral microbiome. Target audience is basic and/or translational researchers with expertise in host immunity and microbiome research, and interest in oral health and disease. This volume provides a much needed quantum leap in the field, by joining forces to address gaps at the oral mucosal immunity-microbiome cross-talk.
Author: Philippe Sansonetti
Publisher: Collège de France
ISBN: 2722602725
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 25
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Book Description
Our bodies contain ten times more bacteria than cells and their activity is essential for our organisms. A true symbiosis exists between humans and microbes, the complex mechanisms of which can only be decoded using molecular genetics. However these bacteria can also cause infectious and parasitic diseases which kill over 15 million people a year throughout the world. To develop effective treatments and vaccines for such diseases, scientists need to know how bacteria outmanoeuvre the body’s defence mechanisms and how to decipher the rules of war and peace between microbes and humans.
Author: Rao N. Jaladanki
Publisher: Biota Publishing
ISBN: 1615047352
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 150
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Book Description
The mammalian gastrointestinal mucosa is a rapidly self-renewing tissue in the body, and its homeostasis is preserved through the strict regulation of epithelial cell proliferation, growth arrest, and apoptosis. The control of the growth of gastrointestinal mucosa is unique and, compared with most other tissue in the body, complex. Mucosal growth is regulated by the same hormones that alter metabolism in other tissues, but the gastrointestinal mucosa also responds to host events triggered by the ingestion and presence of food within the digestive tract. These gut hormones and peptides regulate the growth of the exocrine pancreas, gallbladder epithelium, and the mucosa of the oxyntic gland region of the stomach and the small and large intestines. Luminal factors, including nutrients or other dietary factors, secretions, and microbes that occur within the lumen and distribute over a proximal-to-distal gradient, are also crucial for maintenance of normal gut mucosal regeneration and could explain the villous-height-crypt-depth gradient and variety of adaptation, since these factors are diluted, absorbed, and destroyed as they pass down the digestive tract. Recently, intestinal stem cells, cellular polyamines, and noncoding RNAs are shown to play an important role in the regulation of gastrointestinal mucosal growth under physiological and various pathological conditions. In this book, we highlight key issues and factors that control gastrointestinal mucosal growth and homeostasis, with special emphasis on the mechanisms through which epithelial renewal and apoptosis are regulated at the cellular and molecular levels.
