Methods of Studying Clay Microstructure PDF Download
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Author: VI. Osipov
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Clay
Languages : en
Pages : 8
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Book Description
This paper is concerned with some methods used for evaluation of clay soil microstructure: optical, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission, electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray, and magnetic methods. A brief description is given of the physical principles of the methods, their advantages and disadvantages, specific methods used for the preparation of specimens for the analysis, and methods of qualitative and quantitative interpretation of the obtained results. Special attention is given to methods not widely used yet in investigations, such as X-ray and magnetic methods.
Author: VI. Osipov
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Clay
Languages : en
Pages : 8
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Book Description
This paper is concerned with some methods used for evaluation of clay soil microstructure: optical, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission, electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray, and magnetic methods. A brief description is given of the physical principles of the methods, their advantages and disadvantages, specific methods used for the preparation of specimens for the analysis, and methods of qualitative and quantitative interpretation of the obtained results. Special attention is given to methods not widely used yet in investigations, such as X-ray and magnetic methods.
Author: Richard Bennett
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 9400946848
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 163
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Book Description
Plan of Review This review of clay microstructure is aimed at the diverse group of professionals who share an interest in the properties of fine-grained minerals in sediments. During the last several decades, members of this group have included geologists, soil scientists, soil engineers, engineering geologists, and ceramics scientists. More recently, it has included significant numbers of marine geologists and other engineers. Each of the disciplines has developed special techniques for investigating properties of clay sediments that have proven to be fruitful in answering questions of central interest. Knowledge of clay microstructure-the fabric of a sediment and the physico chemical interactions between its components-is fundamental to all these disciplines (Mitchell 1956; Lambe 1958a; Foster and De 1971). Clay fabric refers to the spatial distribution, orientations, and particle-to-particle relations of the solid particles (generally those less than 3. 9 /Lm in size) of sediment. Physico-chemical interac tions are expressions of the forces between the particles. In this review, we trace the historical development of under standing clay microstructure by discussing key scientific papers published before 1986 on physico-chemical interactions in fine grained sediments and on clay fabric. Since the development follows an intricate path, the current view of clay microstructure is summarized. This summary includes a discussion of the present state of knowledge, the observations made so far, and the facts that are now established.
Author: Roland Pusch
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 0203028988
Category : Architecture
Languages : en
Pages : 353
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Book Description
Certain wastes such as nuclear wastes, are so hazardous that their disposal creates a major challenge requiring considerable technical skill and understanding. Their effective isolation in the ground depends on the properties of the surrounding clays. This authoritative book explains the detailed function of clay-based engineered barriers, gives a number of examples of the design and construction of successful sites, and sets out conceptual and theoretical models for the prediction of their performance. It begins by providing a scientific grounding in the relevant aspects of clay science and successively moves onto the practicalities, while retaining the scientific slant. It will be useful for students, and invaluable for research institutes, specialists in environmental protection agencies and consultants in the field of disposal of hazardous waste.
Author: Roland Pusch
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Clay
Languages : en
Pages : 76
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Book Description
Author: Barbara Olszewska
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Clay minerals
Languages : en
Pages : 426
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Book Description
Sample selection and study: procedures; characteristics of the microstructures of clay soils and identification of their principal types; The relation between microstructrures and origin of clays.
Author: Roland Pusch
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 1482265672
Category : Architecture
Languages : en
Pages : 356
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Book Description
Certain wastes such as nuclear wastes, are so hazardous that their disposal creates a major challenge requiring considerable technical skill and understanding. Their effective isolation in the ground depends on the properties of the surrounding clays. This authoritative book explains the detailed function of clay-based engineered barriers, gives a
Author: Jack E. Gillott
Publisher: Elsevier Health Sciences
ISBN:
Category : Nature
Languages : en
Pages : 492
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Book Description
Engineering geology is an interdisciplinary subject concerned with the application of geological science to engineering practice, and it is therefore important for the engineering geologist to recognize the boundary between engineering application and purely scientific enquiry. Much research in applied clay science results from imperfectly understood engineering behaviour. Engineering geology is most closely allied to the geotechnical and materials areas of civil engineering. The scope of the present book is limited to the influence of clay but because clay is almost ubiquitous in earth materials the subject still remains broad. In soil and rock, clay is the smallest size fraction, but it is that very fact which often determines its major influences on engineering behaviour.In this book the author reviews the importance of clay in engineering geology and summarizes present knowledge in this field. The plan of the book has remained unchanged since the first edition was published in 1968 but the text, diagrams and reference lists have all been extensively updated. The first 5 chapters review the classification, origin, composition, fabric and physical chemistry of clays. Behavioural aspects, covered in the following 4 chapters, include moisture interaction, strength and rheology, soil stabilization and the use of clays as materials. The final 3 chapters describe methods of analysis of clays and soils.Clay in Engineering Geology contains material drawn from a wide variety of sources and, together with its literature review and indexes, will provide much of value to geologists, mineralogists, civil and geotechnical engineers concerned with applied clay science.
Author: 郭瑞
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Chlorite minerals
Languages : en
Pages : 148
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Book Description
Unfrozen water within cation-treated, fine-grained frozen soils is a key element in cold regions engineering, and is heavily influenced by the surface charge of the soil's clay component. This study investigated the effects of the surface charge of cation-treated clay soils by measuring the zeta potential as a function of temperature, and measuring changes in the micro-structure of frozen cation-treated clays using the x-ray diffraction (XRD) method. I tested five treatments (untreated, and Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, and K+ treatments) of six soils (montmorillonite, kaolinite, illite, illite-smectite, chlorite, and Copper River soil). The zeta potential demonstrated a negative relationship with temperature change for both above-freezing and sub-freezing conditions (-1 to 20 °C). Temperature had a greater effect on the monovalent-treated soils that contain smectite minerals, which included montmorillonite, illite-smectite, and the Copper River soil. Monovalent cation-treated soils demonstrated large negative trends and more negative zeta potential, whereas divalent cation-treated soils demonstrated less negative trends that were less dependent on temperature. The cation treatment will affect the Debye-length, also affecting the zeta potential and arrangement of clay particles. More negative zeta potential (i.e., soil dominated by monovalent cations) will lead to a dispersed structure, whereas less negative zeta potential (i.e., soil dominated by divalent cations) will lead to a flocculated structure. XRD research indicated that the montmorillonite samples demonstrated decreased dspacing compared with the International Center for Diffraction Data (ICDD) standard. The K+- treated montmorillonite, untreated montmorillonite, and untreated illite-smectite samples demonstrated donut-shaped pole figure results, which may indicate that the results are an artifact of sample preparation rather than a reflection of the cation effects on the structure of the clay. Improved could be made in sample preparation to eliminate ice lens formation during freezing, which may improve the success with the XRD method. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) should be used to observe the frozen clays, especially montmorillonite, illite-smectite, and the Copper River soil, as it may reveal the internal geometry of voids and the possible relationship between ice and the clay structure, increasing our understanding of the clay structure at the microaggregate scale.
Author: Oladipo Omotoso
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781881208488
Category : Clay
Languages : en
Pages : 211
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Book Description
Author: Roland Pusch
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Clay
Languages : en
Pages : 62
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Book Description
Resumé på fransk. - Udsnit af 'Journal de microscopie' 1967.
