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Author: Calvin Kuo
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
Mild traumatic brain injury was once considered a silent epidemic due to difficulties in detecting and diagnosing its subtle neurological symptoms. However, increased public awareness of mild traumatic brain injuries coupled with recent advances in wearable sensing, sideline assessments, and basic understanding of underlying mechanisms has placed a large spotlight on the dangers of brain injuries to short-term and long-term neurological health. Today, researchers are approaching a consensus that head angular rotations are particularly dangerous as it results in shearing of the brain tissue. Studies on animals, cadavers, and surrogates were instrumental in developing hypotheses linking head angular rotations with injury, while studies on human subject populations at high risk of brain injury were instrumental in confirming these hypotheses. Yet, despite all that has been discovered regarding mild traumatic brain injuries, they are still difficult to predict and prevent. This is because we lack an understanding of how impact forces cause dangerous head rotations, and we lack methods to accurately measure the head rotations that result in brain injuries. In this thesis, I will discuss my work in the development of head and neck models to understand how the head is set in motion by impact forces, and the development of wearable sensors to measure head impact rotations in the field. In the future, my head and neck models can serve to determine susceptibilities of the head to impact forces and inform improvement for preventative equipment. Furthermore, the wearable sensor technologies and algorithms I developed in my thesis can be used as accurate, real-time diagnostic tools to detect severe head impacts likely to result in brain injuries. Together, these can be both be used to reduce brain injury incidence and identify injured individuals for proper treatment and rest.
Author: Calvin Kuo
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
Mild traumatic brain injury was once considered a silent epidemic due to difficulties in detecting and diagnosing its subtle neurological symptoms. However, increased public awareness of mild traumatic brain injuries coupled with recent advances in wearable sensing, sideline assessments, and basic understanding of underlying mechanisms has placed a large spotlight on the dangers of brain injuries to short-term and long-term neurological health. Today, researchers are approaching a consensus that head angular rotations are particularly dangerous as it results in shearing of the brain tissue. Studies on animals, cadavers, and surrogates were instrumental in developing hypotheses linking head angular rotations with injury, while studies on human subject populations at high risk of brain injury were instrumental in confirming these hypotheses. Yet, despite all that has been discovered regarding mild traumatic brain injuries, they are still difficult to predict and prevent. This is because we lack an understanding of how impact forces cause dangerous head rotations, and we lack methods to accurately measure the head rotations that result in brain injuries. In this thesis, I will discuss my work in the development of head and neck models to understand how the head is set in motion by impact forces, and the development of wearable sensors to measure head impact rotations in the field. In the future, my head and neck models can serve to determine susceptibilities of the head to impact forces and inform improvement for preventative equipment. Furthermore, the wearable sensor technologies and algorithms I developed in my thesis can be used as accurate, real-time diagnostic tools to detect severe head impacts likely to result in brain injuries. Together, these can be both be used to reduce brain injury incidence and identify injured individuals for proper treatment and rest.
Author: Muhammad Umar Qureshi
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 124
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Book Description
Impacts that cause high accelerations of the head are a major cause of mTBIs (mild traumatic brain injuries) or concussions. Repetitive head impacts can also potentially cause long term damage to the brain and cognitive abilities. Recently, due to increasing public awareness, wearable technologies and devices targeted towards measuring head impact kinematics during sport are gaining popularity. However, existing devices come with limitations that prevent on-the-field usage in one way or another. In this work, we devised methods to address the problem of accurately measuring impact kinematics and impact location, while also addressing the limitations of existing devices. We developed novel calibration and impact measurement algorithms that allowed us to design a complete impact measurement device; while also reducing the number of sensors and scale. We also proposed a wearable device prototype that can eventually be developed into a low-cost finished product for on-the-field impact measurement. We tested the accuracy of the device and algorithms by comparing the impact linear and rotational acceleration, rotational velocity, and impact location estimate with an industrial-grade IMU and a Hybrid-III dummy Head. Results showed that the device has great potential for relatively low-cost sports applications and can help in establishing a link between impacts and resulting brain injuries in the future.
Author: Mari A. Allison
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 498
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Book Description
It is estimated that millions of mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBIs) occur each year, and studies show that these injuries can have more long-term neurological consequences than previously thought. High impact sports provide a unique real-world opportunity to study the biomechanical inputs that lead to mTBI and helmet-based instrumentation can be used to estimate the kinematics of head impacts in sports. In Chapter 1, we evaluate two helmet-based measurement systems that use different approaches to estimate kinematics by impacting a helmeted anthropometric test device (ATD) in a laboratory setting. The relationships between the helmet sensor system and reference ATD measures are evaluated. In Chapter 3, we explore the effect of real-world impact and usage variations on the relationships between helmet system and ATD-measured head impact kinematics. The factors varied include the interface between the head and the helmet, repeatability of sensor/helmet systems, helmet geometry/construction, effective mass of the torso, and impacting surface. In Chapter 4 we assess the effect of helmet-based sensor performance on brain injury metrics calculated using finite element analysis. This is done by using helmet system and ATD data from the laboratory impacts as inputs into a finite element head model and comparing outcomes. Chapter 5 discusses the implications of the findings on the implementation of helmet-based systems in real-world scenarios.
Author: W. King
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1475715021
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 401
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Book Description
Author: Fábio A. O. Fernandes
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3319899260
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 107
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Book Description
In this work the development of a new geometrically detailed finite element head model is presented. Special attention is given to sulci and gyri modelling, making this model more geometrically accurate than others currently available. The model was validated against experimental data from impact tests on cadavers, specifically intracranial pressure and brain motion. Its potential is shown in an accident reconstruction case with injury evaluation by effectively combining multibody kinematics and finite element methodology.
Author: Society of Automotive Engineers
Publisher: SAE International
ISBN:
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 158
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Book Description
Thirteen papers from the biomechanics technical sessions of the 2002 SAE congress use laboratory experiments, computer models, and field data to evaluate the human body's kinematics, kinetics, and injury potential in response to impact loads caused by automobile accidents. Topics include finite elem
Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309288037
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 215
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Book Description
In the past decade, few subjects at the intersection of medicine and sports have generated as much public interest as sports-related concussions - especially among youth. Despite growing awareness of sports-related concussions and campaigns to educate athletes, coaches, physicians, and parents of young athletes about concussion recognition and management, confusion and controversy persist in many areas. Currently, diagnosis is based primarily on the symptoms reported by the individual rather than on objective diagnostic markers, and there is little empirical evidence for the optimal degree and duration of physical rest needed to promote recovery or the best timing and approach for returning to full physical activity. Sports-Related Concussions in Youth: Improving the Science, Changing the Culture reviews the science of sports-related concussions in youth from elementary school through young adulthood, as well as in military personnel and their dependents. This report recommends actions that can be taken by a range of audiences - including research funding agencies, legislatures, state and school superintendents and athletic directors, military organizations, and equipment manufacturers, as well as youth who participate in sports and their parents - to improve what is known about concussions and to reduce their occurrence. Sports-Related Concussions in Youth finds that while some studies provide useful information, much remains unknown about the extent of concussions in youth; how to diagnose, manage, and prevent concussions; and the short- and long-term consequences of concussions as well as repetitive head impacts that do not result in concussion symptoms. The culture of sports negatively influences athletes' self-reporting of concussion symptoms and their adherence to return-to-play guidance. Athletes, their teammates, and, in some cases, coaches and parents may not fully appreciate the health threats posed by concussions. Similarly, military recruits are immersed in a culture that includes devotion to duty and service before self, and the critical nature of concussions may often go unheeded. According to Sports-Related Concussions in Youth, if the youth sports community can adopt the belief that concussions are serious injuries and emphasize care for players with concussions until they are fully recovered, then the culture in which these athletes perform and compete will become much safer. Improving understanding of the extent, causes, effects, and prevention of sports-related concussions is vitally important for the health and well-being of youth athletes. The findings and recommendations in this report set a direction for research to reach this goal.
Author: Thomas Oliver Lintern
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Brain-damaged children
Languages : en
Pages : 179
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Book Description
Abusive head trauma (AHT) is a potentially fatal result of child abuse, but the mechanisms by which injury occur are often unclear. In this thesis, a novel computational framework for investigating head kinematics during AHT was developed using OpenSim (Delp et al., 2007), and was validated with kinematic measurements during shaking of an experimental phantom. The framework was used to investigate the biomechanics of AHT using model-based interpretation of animal shaking experiments, and computational studies simulating the shaking of human infants. The lamb was used as an in vivo experimental analogue of AHT. An OpenSim computational model of the lamb was developed and used to interpret biomechanical data from shaking experiments. Sagittal plane acceleration components of the animal's head during shaking were used to provide in vivo validation of the computational framework. Results demonstrated that peak accelerations occurred when the head impacted the torso and produced acceleration magnitudes exceeding 200 m.s−2. The computational model demonstrated good agreement with the experimental measurements and was able to reproduce the extreme accelerations that occur during impact. The biomechanical results demonstrate the utility of using a coupled rigid-body modelling framework to describe infant head kinematics in AHT. To investigate AHT in human infants, a novel probabilistic analysis of head kinematics during shaking was performed. A deterministic OpenSim model, incorporating an infant's mechanical properties, was subjected to a variety of shaking motions. Monte Carlo analyses were used to simulate the range of infant kinematics produced as a result of varying both the mechanical properties and the type of shaking motions. By excluding physically unrealistic shaking motions, worst-case shaking scenarios were simulated and compared to existing injury criteria for a newborn, 4.5 months, and a 12 months infant. None of these cases produced head kinematics that exceeded previously estimated subdural haemorrhage injury thresholds. The results of this study provide no biomechanical evidence to demonstrate how shaking alone can cause the injuries observed in AHT, suggesting either that additional factors, such as impact, are required, or that the current estimates of injury thresholds should be interpreted with caution.
Author: Chandrika S. Abhang
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Brain
Languages : en
Pages : 136
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Book Description
Does a brain store thoughts and memories the way a computer saves its files? How can a single hit or a fall erase all those memories? Brain Mapping and traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) have become widely researched fields today. Many researchers have been studying TBIs caused to adult American football players however youth athletes have been rarely considered for these studies, contradicting to the fact that American football enrolls highest number of collegiate and high-school children than adults. This research is an attempt to contribute to the field of youth TBIs.
Author: Gabriella Faith Wynn
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Head
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
Head impacts, both concussive and sub-concussive, are common in sports and can lead to adverse side effects. Since head kinematics are thought to correlate with brain injury, the implementation of protective headgear aimed to mitigate kinematics of the head during impacts. While fatal brain injuries have been reduced, concussions and other long-term effects of repetitive head impacts are still prevalent in football players at all levels. Physical surrogate models of the human head and neck are often used to assess impact severity in sports and infer the risk of brain injury, and in helmet certifications to explore the efficacy of helmets. The surrogate models can be instrumented with accelerometers to measure resultant head kinematics. Since the neck is thought to partially govern head kinematics during impact, the surrogate necks must demonstrate several performance characteristics to produce accurate results. Commercially available necks have acceptable repeatability and reproducibility, but they were not developed for the direct, multiplane loading in sports. As such, a novel prototype surrogate neck was developed for omni-directional direct head impacts. The objective of this work was to assess the repeatability and reproducibility of the neck. Three copies of the prototype surrogate neck and one Hybrid III neck were attached to the same Hybrid III head and repeatedly impacted at 3.5 m/s using a pendulum impactor. Both the helmeted and the unhelmeted head were impacted at the front and the front boss locations. The within-neck coefficient of variation (CVW) of the prototype surrogate neck kinematics for all impact conditions was 10% or less, which satisfies standard requirements for surrogates and is comparable to work on several standardized surrogate models. While differences between the three prototype surrogate necks were generally statistically significant, the normalized absolute differences between the neck copies were usually less than 10% and less than 20% in all cases except one. Most head and neck certifications for current standardized models provide corridors that allow a range of ±10% on mean peak kinematics to be considered within specification - the normalized absolute differences of the prototype surrogate neck kinematics fall within that range. Further, the normalized absolute differences for other neck models were similar to what was calculated for the prototype surrogate neck. The reproducibility coefficient of variation (CVB) values for the prototype surrogate necks were less than 15% for all kinematics and usually 10% or less, which is considered acceptable and is comparable to the reproducibility of commercially available surrogate models. The prototype surrogate neck had CVW values equivalent to the Hybrid III, but definitive conclusions cannot be made as to whether the kinematics differ. The Hybrid III kinematics were significantly different from the prototype surrogate neck kinematics for unprotected impacts, and the normalized absolute differences were greater than the differences calculated between the three copies of the prototype surrogate neck. In contrast, the helmeted impacts resulted in kinematics that were less significantly different between the Hybrid III and the prototype surrogate neck, with the normalized absolute differences commensurate in magnitude for the Hybrid III comparison and the prototype surrogate neck reproducibility assessment. However, the Hybrid III neck almost always had kinematics consistently greater than or less than all three of the prototype surrogate necks. Thus, the signs on the kinematics allow observation of actual differences between necks. In summary, the prototype surrogate neck fit to a Hybrid III head and subject to multi-directional direct head impacts resulted in repeatable and reproducible kinematics. Although more testing is needed to quantify differences between the prototype surrogate neck and the Hybrid III, the prototype surrogate neck may be an effective tool for sports impact assessments.
