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Author: Jean-Claude Hocquet
Publisher: Presses Univ. Septentrion
ISBN: 9782859393137
Category : History
Languages : fr
Pages : 396
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Book Description
Le roi, le marchand et le sel présente les Actes d'une table ronde réunies en septembre 1986 dans la saline royale édifiée par Ledoux à Arc-et-Senans. L'analyse de la genèse de l'État moderne, de la fonction de la guerre et du rôle dévolu à l'impôt du sel dans la construction de ses finances ouvre la voie à de belles études. Les précurseurs ont été les communes marchandes italiennes, les royaumes espagnols et la Provence du frère de Saint Louis. C'est pourtant dans le royaume de France des Valois et des Bourbons que la gabelle du sel s'est affirmé avec le plus de force, provoquant à la fois l'enrichissement des fermiers, les colères populaires et une contrebande éffrénée. Dans l'empire, les villes qui disposaient du monopole de production masquaient l'impôt sous le profit commercial. Ce profit consolida les finances et le pouvoir des ducs d'Autriche et les Habsbourg finirent par conquêrir les mines de Pologne. Il contribua aussi à la puissance commerciale des Provinces-Unies aux 16e et 17e siècles. L'impôt du sel n'a pas été seulement un phénomène européen mais mondial. Il n'est pas lié à un type d'État ni de formation économique et sociale. On suit sa destinée depuis la Rome antique jusqu'au Japon d'aujourd'hui, en passant par l'Amérique hispanique et l'Afrique noire colonisée, la Chine et l'Inde anglaise, où Gandhi s'empara de la question du sel pour en faire une arme de libération nationale contre la domination britannique. Le sel se prêtait à ce prélèvement fiscal massif qui nous rappelle que dans de nombreuses sociétés il avait assumé, dans l'échange marchand, toutes les fonctions sociales d'une monnaie.
Author: Jean-Claude Hocquet
Publisher: Presses Univ. Septentrion
ISBN: 9782859393137
Category : History
Languages : fr
Pages : 396
Get Book Here
Book Description
Le roi, le marchand et le sel présente les Actes d'une table ronde réunies en septembre 1986 dans la saline royale édifiée par Ledoux à Arc-et-Senans. L'analyse de la genèse de l'État moderne, de la fonction de la guerre et du rôle dévolu à l'impôt du sel dans la construction de ses finances ouvre la voie à de belles études. Les précurseurs ont été les communes marchandes italiennes, les royaumes espagnols et la Provence du frère de Saint Louis. C'est pourtant dans le royaume de France des Valois et des Bourbons que la gabelle du sel s'est affirmé avec le plus de force, provoquant à la fois l'enrichissement des fermiers, les colères populaires et une contrebande éffrénée. Dans l'empire, les villes qui disposaient du monopole de production masquaient l'impôt sous le profit commercial. Ce profit consolida les finances et le pouvoir des ducs d'Autriche et les Habsbourg finirent par conquêrir les mines de Pologne. Il contribua aussi à la puissance commerciale des Provinces-Unies aux 16e et 17e siècles. L'impôt du sel n'a pas été seulement un phénomène européen mais mondial. Il n'est pas lié à un type d'État ni de formation économique et sociale. On suit sa destinée depuis la Rome antique jusqu'au Japon d'aujourd'hui, en passant par l'Amérique hispanique et l'Afrique noire colonisée, la Chine et l'Inde anglaise, où Gandhi s'empara de la question du sel pour en faire une arme de libération nationale contre la domination britannique. Le sel se prêtait à ce prélèvement fiscal massif qui nous rappelle que dans de nombreuses sociétés il avait assumé, dans l'échange marchand, toutes les fonctions sociales d'une monnaie.
Author: Rosamond McKitterick
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 9780521382960
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 1108
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Book Description
This volume covers the last century (interpreted broadly) of the traditional western Middle Ages. Often seen as a time of doubt, decline and division, the period is shown here as a period of considerable innovation and development, much of which resulted from a conscious attempt by contemporaries to meet the growing demands of society and to find practical solutions to the social, religious and political problems which beset it. The volume consists of four sections. Part I focuses on both the ideas and other considerations which guided men as they sought good government, and on the practical development of representation. Part II deals with aspects of social and economic development at a time of change and expansion. Part III discusses the importance of the life of the spirit: religion, education and the arts. Moving from the general to the particular, Part IV concerns itself with the history of the countries of Europe, emphasis being placed on the growth of the nation states of the 'early modern' world.
Author: S.A.M. Adshead
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 1349218413
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 427
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Book Description
'Highly recommended as a thorough examination of the commodity history of salt'-The Geographical Journal. Salt has been called the primordial addiction. It has been an object of almost universal consumption since Neolithic times. This book sets out to place the particular histories of salt in a global perspective and write the history of a human commodity as a theme in world history. From pagan man, through classical Rome, Byzantium, early Islam, the Dark Ages, the Renaissance to the modern world, the production, distribution, consumption and taxation of salt are examined. The author shows how a history of salt cannot be separated from the histories of commerce, medicine, diet, cooking, taxation, invention and war. Although taken for granted today, salt has been of critical economic and cultural importance to countries and peoples throughout history; the instigator and catalyst to actions and events ranging from the first maritime expedition of Muslim forces to Columbus's discovery of America. After Salt and Civilization salt can not be taken for granted again.
Author: Eric Mielants
Publisher: Temple University Press
ISBN: 1592135773
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 256
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Book Description
The origins of capitalism can be found in the Middle Ages.
Author: Anne Montenach
Publisher: Taylor & Francis
ISBN: 1003853617
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 299
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Book Description
This book seeks to contribute a multi-dimensional, multi-layered and gendered approach to the illicit economy in the historiography of early modern Europe. Using original source material from several countries, this volume concentrates on a border and transnational area—approximately the Lyon-Geneva-Turin triangle—located at the heart of European trade. It focuses on three products—salt, cotton and silk—all of which fuelled the black market between the last decades of the seventeenth century and the French Revolution. This volume offers an original contribution to wider studies of smuggling, illicit markets and women’s economic roles by taking into account the economic life of remote mountain communities and industrious cities. Showing that irregular practices were a structural characteristic of early modern economies, it provides insight into the opportunities offered to women in a highly flexible economy where licit and illicit activities were intermingled in a very complex way. This research monograph is aimed at a historical audience and constitutes a useful resource for students and scholars interested in gender history, social and economic history, urban history and French studies.
Author: Jean-Claude Hocquet
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : it
Pages : 376
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Book Description
Author: Richard Bonney
Publisher: Clarendon Press
ISBN: 0191542202
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 542
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Book Description
In this volume an international team of scholars builds up a comprehensive analysis of the fiscal history of Europe over six centuries. It forms a fundamental starting-point for an understanding of the distinctiveness of the emerging European states, and highlights the issue of fiscal power as an essential prerequisite for the development of the modern state. The study underlines the importance of technical developments by the state, its capacity to innovate, and, however imperfect the techniques, the greater detail and sophistication of accounting practice towards the end of the period. New taxes had been developed, new wealth had been tapped, new mechanisms of enforcement had been established. In general, these developments were made in western Europe; the lack of progress in some fiscal systems, especially those in eastern Europe, is an issue of historical importance in its own right and lends particular significance to the chapters on Poland and Russia. By the eighteenth century `mountains of debt' and high debt-revenue ratios had become the norm in western Europe, yet in the east only Russia was able to adapt to the western model by 1815. The capacity of governments to borrow, and the interaction of the constraints on borrowing and the power to tax had become the real test of the fiscal powers of the `modern state' by 1800-15.
Author: Rosamond McKitterick
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 9780521362900
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 1186
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Book Description
The sixth volume of The New Cambridge Medieval History covers the fourteenth century, a period dominated by plague, other natural disasters and war which brought to an end three centuries of economic growth and cultural expansion in Christian Europe, but one which also saw important developments in government, religious and intellectual life, and new cultural and artistic patterns. Part I sets the scene by discussion of general themes in the theory and practice of government, religion, social and economic history, and culture. Part II deals with the individual histories of the states of western Europe; Part III with that of the Church at the time of the Avignon papacy and the Great Schism; and Part IV with eastern and northern Europe, Byzantium and the early Ottomans, giving particular attention to the social and economic relations with westerners and those of other civilisations in the Mediterranean.
Author: Martin Daunton
Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN: 1847881106
Category : Sports & Recreation
Languages : en
Pages : 321
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Book Description
Objects and commodities have frequently been studied to assess their position within consumer - or material - culture, but all too rarely have scholars examined the politics that lie behind that culture. This book fills the gap and explores the political and state structures that have shaped the consumer and the nature of his or her consumption. From medieval sumptuary laws to recent debates in governments about consumer protection, consumption has always been seen as a highly political act that must be regulated, directed or organized according to the political agendas of various groups. An internationally renowned group of experts looks at the emergence of the rational consuming individual in modern economic thought, the moral and ideological values consumers have attached to their relationships with commodities, and how the practices and theories of consumer citizenship have developed alongside and within the expanding state. How does consumer identity become available to people and how do they use it? How is consumption negotiated in a dictatorship? Are material politics about state politics, consumer politics, or the relationship between these and consumer practices?From the specifics of the politics of consumption in the French Revolution - what was the status of rum? How complicated did a vinegar recipe have to be before the resultant product qualified as 'luxury'? - to the highly contentious twentieth-century debates over American political economy, this original book traces the relationships among political cultures, consumers and citizenship from the eighteenth century to the present.
Author: Massimo Montanari
Publisher: Bloomsbury Publishing
ISBN: 1350995363
Category : History
Languages : en
Pages : 257
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Book Description
Europe was formed in the Middle Ages. The merging of the traditions of Roman-Mediterranean societies with the customs of Northern Europe created new political, economic, social and religious structures and practices. Between 500 and 1300 CE, food in all its manifestations, from agriculture to symbol, became ever more complex and integral to Europe's culture and economy. The period saw the growth of culinary literature, the introduction of new spices and cuisines as a result of trade and war, the impact of the Black Death on food resources, the widening gap between what was eaten by the rich and what by the poor, as well as the influence of religion on food rituals. A Cultural History of Food in the Medieval Age presents an overview of the period with essays on food production, food systems, food security, safety and crises, food and politics, eating out, professional cooking, kitchens and service work, family and domesticity, body and soul, representations of food, and developments in food production and consumption globally.
