Land Tenure Policy and Women Off-Farm Employment in Rural China PDF Download
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Author: Hongqin Chang
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 50
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Book Description
Using the data from three waves (1995, 2002 and 2008) of the Chinese Household Income Project (CHIP), which covers nine provinces in China, this paper investigates the impact of land tenure security on farmers' labor market outcomes in rural China, especially for women' s labor market behavior. To identify the effect of land tenure security, this paper used difference-in-differences strategy to control for time invariant heterogeneity, and a number of observed time-varying economic characteristics for its validity. The paper finds that in response to more security land rights, both women and men increase their probability of wage employment participation and individual income.
Author: Hongqin Chang
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 50
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Book Description
Using the data from three waves (1995, 2002 and 2008) of the Chinese Household Income Project (CHIP), which covers nine provinces in China, this paper investigates the impact of land tenure security on farmers' labor market outcomes in rural China, especially for women' s labor market behavior. To identify the effect of land tenure security, this paper used difference-in-differences strategy to control for time invariant heterogeneity, and a number of observed time-varying economic characteristics for its validity. The paper finds that in response to more security land rights, both women and men increase their probability of wage employment participation and individual income.
Author: Bryan Thomas Lohmar
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Agricultural laborers
Languages : en
Pages : 316
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Book Description
Author: John W. Bruce, Zongmin Li
Publisher: Intl Food Policy Res Inst
ISBN:
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 60
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Book Description
Author: Xinjie Shi
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
This study examines the gender-differentiated effects of improved land property rights on labor reallocation using quasi-exogenous variation in the timing of the implementation of the Rural Land Contracting Law in China, which allows farmers to lease out their land. We find that while both men and women tend to shift their labor away from the agricultural sector and into non-agricultural sectors following the land reform, women lag behind men, with a noticeable gender gap in growth of days worked in off-farm sectors (+27.5% for men; +16.6% for women). This gender-differentiated effect of improved property rights is mainly driven by gender-specific labor market conditions rather than gender gap in human capital and gender identity norms. We also find that the increase in overall (but gender-differentiated) off-farm employment induced by the land reform did not improve male children's health and even worsened female children's health, pointing toward the potential negative effects of gender-differentiated off-farm employment on the relative bargaining power of females relative to males. Therefore, implementing land reforms without accompanying reforms to address the root causes of the gendered difference in off-farm employment would not only limit the potential of the reform benefit but also result in the reduced bargaining power of females and subsequent negative effects on the welfare of the next generation, especially female children. These findings have significant policy implications for developing countries in the process of rural transformation.
Author: Klaus W. Deininger
Publisher: World Bank Publications
ISBN:
Category : Agriculture and state
Languages : en
Pages : 44
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Book Description
The authors develop a model of land leasing with agents characterized by unobserved heterogeneity in ability and presence of an off-farm labor market. In this case, decentralized land rental may contribute to equity and efficiency goals and may have several advantages over administrative reallocation. The extent to which this is true empirically is explored using data from three of China's poorest provinces. The authors find that both processes redistribute land to those with lower endowments but that land rental markets are more effective in doing so and also have a larger productivity-enhancing effect than administrative reallocation, implying that more active land rental markets would allow producers to realize significant productivity gains. At the same time, the presence of a large number of producers whose participation in rental markets remains constrained suggests that efforts to reduce transaction costs in land rental markets would be warranted.
Author: Tamara Jacka
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 9780521599283
Category : China
Languages : en
Pages : 276
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Book Description
Based on interviews with rural Chinese women, officials and social scientists, and on Chinese newspapers, journals and academic reports. Analyses the situation of women of Han nationality with rural household registration, most of whom worked in townships and villages, but some of whom worked in cities. Delineates patterns in gender divisions of labour in the context of economic reform.
Author: Jing Chen
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Farmers
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
Author: Xinjie Shi
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
This study examined the gender-differentiated effects of improved land property rights on labor reallocation using quasi-exogenous variation in the timing of the implementation of the Rural Land Contracting Law in China, which allows farmers to lease out their land. We found that while both men and women tend to shift their labor away from the agricultural sector and into non-agricultural sectors following the land reform, women lag behind men, with a noticeable gender gap in the growth of off-farm labor participation (+17.1% among men; + 8.7% among women) and days worked in off-farm sectors (+27.0% among men; +16.2% among women). This gender-differentiated effect of improved property rights is mainly driven by gender-specific labor market conditions rather than gender gaps in human capital and gender identity norms. Unskilled rural workers are likely to engage in blue-collar occupations, which are male-dominated. Even if women with the same qualifications and occupations as men are employed, they may receive less pay. These findings suggest that implementing land reforms without accompanying reforms to address the root causes of the gendered difference in off-farm employment would limit the potential of the reform benefit. This study has significant policy implications for developing countries in the process of rural transformation.
Author: Shuyi Feng
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Farmers
Languages : en
Pages : 156
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Book Description
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Author: Meilin Ma
Publisher:
ISBN: 9780438628632
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
Smallholder farming remains predominant in China, despite a massive outflow of rural labor to nonfarm sectors and many agricultural households’ practice of renting out land for which they hold contract use rights. Most households, however, still partially or seasonally cultivate their contract land, resulting in complex land arrangements. Correspondingly, the allocation of labor is complex and frequently adjusted between farm and nonfarm sectors. This dissertation provides a comprehensive analysis of the determinants and efficiency of resource allocation by smallholders as well as large farms in China. Chapters III to IV focus on smallholders. I start with a theoretical model that explains why households often find it optimal to cultivate only part of their contract land or for part of a cropping year. The theory centers upon the value of farmland as a safety net and an appreciable asset for rural households, which is endogenous to the self-cultivated size and farm labor under two institutional restrictions: insecure land tenure and limited access to social benefit programs. According to recent survey data that I collected from 512 households in Sichuan Province of Southwest China, half of the households exit partially and seasonally from fully cultivating their contract land. I estimate the effects of variables that determine the non-productive value of land on the allocation of land and labor. Evidence shows that smallholders overemploy labor on their tiny fields due to the non-productive value. If policy changes eliminated this value, sector-level simulations in Chapter V suggest that the proportion of land cultivated by smallholders could fall from 78% to 41%, the annual income of agricultural households in Sichuan could increase by $15-16 billion, and 5-6 million rural laborers could cease cultivating their contract land and work off the farm. Chapters VI and VII are based on my other dataset of fifty large commercial farms in Sichuan. I first highlight salient features of these farms that suffer from the insecurity in lease contracts as lessor households may take back their land and governments can expropriate the land for nonfarm use. I use a conceptual model to characterize the relationship between insecure lease contracts and two types of farm assets, where attached assets determine farm infrastructure and, consequently, the efficiency of movable assets. I calibrate the model to Sichuan and show that the insecurity associated with leased plots reduces farm investment in attached assets. The corresponding loss can be worth 12-85% of the net production value under the suboptimal investment. Findings of the dissertation are important for Chinese policy in the agricultural sector and beyond. Though reducing the non-productive value of farmland tends to be costly, it is important to supplying enough labor from rural areas to China’s growing nonfarm industries. As a second-best solution, the government may be able to accelerate the consolidation of agricultural production by investing or subsidizing investment in farm infrastructure. Eventually, however, efficient farmland consolidation in China is to be realized only if smallholder households systematically make complete and long-term exit from farming.
