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Author: United States. Department of Agriculture
Publisher:
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Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Author: United States. Department of Agriculture
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Author: Walter Maxwell
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Irrigation
Languages : en
Pages : 1078
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Author: Walter Maxwell
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Irrigation
Languages : en
Pages : 48
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Author: United States. Department of the Interior
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Water resources development
Languages : en
Pages : 20
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Author: Carol Wilcox
Publisher: University of Hawaii Press
ISBN: 0824864506
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 208
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Hawaii's sugar industry enjoyed great success for most of the 20th century, and its influence was felt across a broad spectrum: economics, politics, the environment, and society. This success was made possible, in part, through the liberal use of Hawaii's natural resources. Chief among these was water, which was needed in enormous quantities to grow and process sugarcane. Between 1856 and 1920, sugar planters built miles of ditches, diverting water from almost every watershed in Hawaii. "Ditch" is a humble term for these great waterways. By 1920, ditches, tunnels, and flumes were diverting over 800 million gallons a day from streams and mountains to the canefields and their mills. Sugar Water chronicles the building of Hawaii's ditches, the men who conceived, engineered, and constructed them, and the sugar plantations and water companies that ran them. It explains how traditional Hawaiian water rights and practices were affected by Western ways and how sugar economics transformed Hawaii from an insular, agrarian, and debt-ridden society into one of the most cosmopolitan and prosperous in the Pacific.
Author: C. Allan Jones
Publisher:
ISBN: 9780824895761
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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From King Cane to the Last Sugar Mill focuses on the technological and scientific advances that allowed Hawai'i's sugar industry to become a world leader and Hawaiian Commercial & Sugar Company (HC&S) to survive into the twenty-first century. The authors, both agricultural scientists, offer a detailed history of the industry and its contributions, balanced with discussion of the enormous societal and environmental changes due to its aggressive search for labor, land, and water. Sugarcane cultivation in Hawai'i began with the arrival of Polynesian settlers, expanded into a commercial crop in the mid-1800s, and became a significant economic and political force by the end of the nineteenth century. Hawai'i's sugar industry entered the twentieth century heralding major improvements in sugarcane varieties, irrigation systems, fertilizer use, biological pest control, and the use of steam power for field and factory operations. By the 1920s, the industry was among the most technologically advanced in the world. Its expansion, however, was not without challenges. Hawai'i's annexation by the United States in 1898 invalidated the Kingdom's contract labor laws, reduced the plantations' hold on labor, and resulted in successful strikes by Japanese and Filipino workers. The industry survived the low sugar prices of the Great Depression and labor shortages of World War II by mechanizing to increase productivity. The 1950s and 1960s saw science-driven gains in output and profitability, but the following decades brought unprecedented economic pressures that reduced the number of plantations from twenty-seven in 1970 to only four in 2000. By 2011 only one plantation remained. Hawai'i's last surviving sugar mill, HC&S--with its large size, excellent water resources, and efficient irrigation and automated systems--remained generally profitable into the 2000s. Severe drought conditions, however, caused substantial operating losses in 2008 and 2009. Though profits rebounded, local interest groups have mounted legal challenges to HC&S's historic water rights and the public health effects of preharvest burning. While the company has experimented with alternative harvesting methods to lessen environmental impacts, HC&S has yet to find those to be economically viable. As a result, the future of the last sugar company in Hawai'i remains uncertain.
Author: United States. Environmental Data Service
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Hawaii
Languages : en
Pages : 486
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Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Hawaii
Languages : en
Pages : 336
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Author: Walter Maxwell
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781332605736
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 66
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Excerpt from Irrigation in Hawaii The precipitation of atmospheric moisture is very uneven and irreg ular over the surface of the earth. There are zones that are marked by annual deluges, and there are vast areas upon which rain rarely falls. These rainless areas are not confined to conditions peculiar to specific latitudes, but are found in the tropical regions of India and Africa, over the wide plateaus of North America, and in other locali ties having widely varying climatic conditions. The regions of small rainfall are very generally distinguished by lands of great natural fertility. This is due largely, on the one hand, to the absence of great rains that leach out the elements that feed plants, and, on the other hand, to the relative absence of crops, which results from lack of rain. Among the most productive tracts upon the earth to-day are regions that were naturally arid, but which have been rendered productive by irrigation. These tracts include the Punjab and other vast districts of India, the great basin of the Nile in Africa, and large semiarid areas that have more recently been brought under cultivation in the middle and western United States. About the Publisher Forgotten Books publishes hundreds of thousands of rare and classic books. Find more at www.forgottenbooks.com This book is a reproduction of an important historical work. Forgotten Books uses state-of-the-art technology to digitally reconstruct the work, preserving the original format whilst repairing imperfections present in the aged copy. In rare cases, an imperfection in the original, such as a blemish or missing page, may be replicated in our edition. We do, however, repair the vast majority of imperfections successfully; any imperfections that remain are intentionally left to preserve the state of such historical works.
Author:
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ISBN:
Category : Hawaii
Languages : en
Pages : 454
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