Author: Elisabetta Magnani
Publisher:
ISBN: 9780864228086
Category : Labor supply
Languages : en
Pages : 30

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Author: B. F. Kiker
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 630

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Compilation of economic research papers on investment in labour force human capital formation in the USA - includes several cost benefit analysis outlines of investment returns on education, in plant training, health services, etc., and covers theoretical aspects of labour mobility, migration, brain drain, labour costs, income differences, occupational choice, etc. References and statistical tables.

Author: Elisabeth Magnani
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 320

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Author: Saskia Sassen
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 9780521386722
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 244

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In this empirical study, Saskia Sassen offers a fresh understanding of the processes of international migration. Focusing on immigration into the US from 1960 to 1985 and the part played by American economic activities abroad, as well as foreign investment in the US, she examines the various ways in which the internationalization of production contributes to the formation and direction of labor migration.

Author: Eric A. Posner
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0

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Covenants not to compete (CNCs) are used in employment contracts to prevent employees from working for other employers. The legal enforcement of CNCs varies across jurisdictions in the U.S.: some states ban them (notably, California), while a majority of states enforce CNCs when they reasonably protect a legitimate interest of the employer. The discrepancy in the legal policy regarding CNCs is reflected in an academic debate over the economic efficiency of these covenants. One side argues that CNCs are bad because they restrict labor mobility; the other side argues that the restriction on the movement of workers is good because it prevents workers from appropriating their employers' human capital investments (and CNCs thereby encourage such investment). The paper addresses together the two objectives of ex post (labor mobility) and ex ante (human capital investment) efficiency. It compares CNCs with the the alternative contract breach remedies of specific performance and liquidated damages. A given CNC may be analyzed as a hybrid that adopts specific performance with respect to attempted movements to employers within its scope and liquidated damages equal to zero with respect to movements outside its scope. Among the results of the paper is the finding that, where a CNC can be renegotiated, first-best performance and first-best investment can be induced. The appropriate choice of the CNC scope can balance perfectly the overinvestment tendency of specific performance against the underinvestment effect caused by zero liquidated damages. Contracting parties, however, have the incentive to agree to excessively broad CNCs that enable them to extract rents from prospective new employers within the CNC scope. The law should be wary of this incentive in policing CNCs.

Author: OECD
Publisher: OECD Publishing
ISBN: 9264228489
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 81

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This report, an outcome of the 2014 Roundtable on Labour Migration in Asia, captures key trends in migration in Asia and highlights the challenges of building, and benefiting from, human capital through the migration process.

Author: Pietro Manzella
Publisher: Cambridge Scholars Publishing
ISBN: 1443832340
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 390

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From an international and comparative perspective, young people’s access to the labour market is a complex issue with certain contradictory aspects reflecting the level of development of labour law and industrial relations in their respective countries. In the most advanced economies, there has been a steady increase in the age at which young people exit the educational system and enter the labour market, giving rise to significant economic and social problems. The increase in levels of educational attainment is associated in some cases with an alarming rate of unemployment among those with academic qualifications, while employers encounter considerable difficulty in recruiting workers for unskilled and semi-skilled positions. The economies of developing countries, on the other hand, are characterized by different trends, reminiscent of the early stages of modern labour law, with the large-scale exploitation of young workers and children, many of whom join the flow of migrants towards the more highly developed regions of the world, with the consequent risk of impoverishing human capital in the country of origin. The ADAPT Labour Studies Book-Series has in connection been set up with a view to achieving a better understanding of these and other issues in the field of Labour and Employment relations in a global dimension, through an interdisciplinary and comparative approach.

Author: Andres Francisco Donangelo
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 296

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This dissertation explores the intersection between labor and financial markets, in which labor mobility plays a fundamental role. Unlike physical assets such as buildings or machines, human capital can actually walk away from the firm as employees and managers switch employers. The interaction between labor mobility, firm risk and human capital has been remarkably under-researched until now. The main question of this broad project is how differences in the flexibility of workers to find employment across different industries--labor mobility--affects the owners of human and physical capital. The three parts of the dissertation look at this question from different angles. The first part, Labor Mobility and the Cross-Section of Expected Returns, focuses on the effect of labor mobility on the degree of operating leverage of a firm and thus on asset returns. I construct a dynamic model where worker's employment decisions affect the productivity of capital and asset prices in predictable ways. The model shows that reliance on a workforce with flexibility to enter and exit an industry translates into a form of operating leverage that amplifies equity-holders' exposure to productivity shocks. Consequently, firms in an industry with mobile workers have higher systematic risk loadings and higher expected asset returns. I use data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics to construct a novel measure of labor supply mobility, in line with the model, based on the composition of occupations across industries over time. I document a positive and economically significant cross-sectional relation between measures of labor mobility, operating leverage, and expected asset returns. This relation is not explained by firm characteristics known in the literature to predict expected returns. The second part, Aggregate Asset-Pricing Implications of Human Capital Mobility in General Equilibrium, extends the model in the first chapter to consider the general equilibrium implications of labor mobility. The setup is based on a multi-industry dynamic economy with production. The extended model shows that mobility of labor affects not only cash-flows, but also aggregate risk, and the equity premium. This part considers two different types of human capital. Generalist human capital can move between industries, while specialized human capital and physical capital cannot. The greater relative mobility of human capital relative to physical capital affects how aggregate risk in the economy is split between these two components of total wealth. The model shows that aggregate consumption and wealth increase when human capital is more mobile. However, at the same time, aggregate risk and the equity risk premium also increase under human capital mobility. I assume that the workforce in the economy is exogenously given in the first two chapters of this dissertation. This assumption is relaxed in the third chapter, Investments in Human Capital and Expected Asset Returns, where I endogenize the composition of occupations to discuss the interaction between human capital investments and labor mobility. This chapter focuses on the decision of workers to acquire different types of costly human capital with different degrees of associated labor mobility. This part introduces a two-sector general-equilibrium model with production and investments in human capital (i.e. education). Ex-ante identical workers face a trade-off between breadth and depth in the acquisition of industry-specific labor productivity. This chapter derives sufficient conditions for the existence of mobile workers. When these conditions are met, a fraction of workers chooses to acquire mobile but less productive generalist skills, even when labor risk can be fully hedged in financial markets.

Author: Dörte Dömeland
Publisher: World Bank Publications
ISBN:
Category : Comparative Advantage
Languages : en
Pages : 54

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This study provides empirical evidence that trade increases on-the-job human capital accumulation by estimating the effect of home country openness on estimated returns to home country experience of U.S. immigrants. The positive effect of trade on on-the-job human capital accumulation remains significant when controlling for GDP, educational attainment, and institutional quality. It is not the result of self-selection, heterogeneity in returns to experience, English-speaking origin, or cultural background. The effect persists when restricting the sample to non-OECD countries, thereby resolving the theoretical ambiguity of whether trade increases or decreases learning-by-doing. The role of trade in generating economic growth is therefore likely to be more important than generally considered.

Author: Aage Bøttger Sørensen
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Human capital
Languages : en
Pages : 94

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