Investigations of Cost-effective Biodiesel Production from High FFA Feedstock PDF Download
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Author: Lesly N. Lesmes Sanchez
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
Commercial production of biodiesel from refined vegetable oils has been widely practiced. However, more economic raw materials are required in order to make biodiesel competitive in the fuel market. This is a challenge since low-cost lipid feedstock contains high concentrations of free fatty acids (FFA) and water, which inhibit transesterification. This work investigates new catalyst combinations and method configuration to develop a cost-effective and suitable process utilizing refined canola oil and canola oil with high oleic acid content. Results suggest that potassium carbonate is more tolerant to water in the feed and enhances phase separation when compared to traditional catalyst, potassium hydroxide. A semi-batch reactor operating mode was tested and compared to conventional batch in two-step esterification-transesterification process to investigate mixing effects. Based on experimental results, esterification conversion close to 99% is achieved by using sulphuric acid as catalyst and a biodiesel yield of 93.6% is obtained after transesterification employing a combination of potassium carbonate and potassium hydroxide as catalysts. Chemical characterization revealed that the two-step process is effective in the production of biodiesel from high FFA feedstock leading to an up to standard quality product.
Author: Lesly N. Lesmes Sanchez
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
Commercial production of biodiesel from refined vegetable oils has been widely practiced. However, more economic raw materials are required in order to make biodiesel competitive in the fuel market. This is a challenge since low-cost lipid feedstock contains high concentrations of free fatty acids (FFA) and water, which inhibit transesterification. This work investigates new catalyst combinations and method configuration to develop a cost-effective and suitable process utilizing refined canola oil and canola oil with high oleic acid content. Results suggest that potassium carbonate is more tolerant to water in the feed and enhances phase separation when compared to traditional catalyst, potassium hydroxide. A semi-batch reactor operating mode was tested and compared to conventional batch in two-step esterification-transesterification process to investigate mixing effects. Based on experimental results, esterification conversion close to 99% is achieved by using sulphuric acid as catalyst and a biodiesel yield of 93.6% is obtained after transesterification employing a combination of potassium carbonate and potassium hydroxide as catalysts. Chemical characterization revealed that the two-step process is effective in the production of biodiesel from high FFA feedstock leading to an up to standard quality product.
Author: Raghda Hasswa
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Biodiesel fuels
Languages : en
Pages : 186
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Book Description
Author: Margarita Stoytcheva
Publisher: BoD – Books on Demand
ISBN: 9533077131
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 474
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Book Description
The book "Biodiesel: Feedstocks and Processing Technologies" is intended to provide a professional look on the recent achievements and emerging trends in biodiesel production. It includes 22 chapters, organized in two sections. The first book section: "Feedstocks for Biodiesel Production" covers issues associated with the utilization of cost effective non-edible raw materials and wastes, and the development of biomass feedstock with physical and chemical properties that facilitate it processing to biodiesel. These include Brassicaceae spp., cooking oils, animal fat wastes, oleaginous fungi, and algae. The second book section: "Biodiesel Production Methods" is devoted to the advanced techniques for biodiesel synthesis: supercritical transesterification, microwaves, radio frequency and ultrasound techniques, reactive distillation, and optimized transesterification processes making use of solid catalysts and immobilized enzymes. The adequate and up-to-date information provided in this book should be of interest for research scientist, students, and technologists, involved in biodiesel production.
Author: Chinwe P. Okonkwo
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1394258089
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 468
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Book Description
Complete and practical guidance on using biodegradable feedstocks for biodiesel production Feedstocks for Sustainable Biodiesel Production: Characterization, Selection, and Optimization helps readers understand the advantages, challenges, and potential of different biodegradable feedstock options that can be used in biodiesel production, covering methods of feedstock sourcing extraction, environmental concerns, cost-benefit aspects, practical applications, and more. Specific biodegradable feedstocks covered in this text include chrysobalamus icaco, cussonia bateri, elaeis guineensis, waste cooking oils, moringa oleifera, jatropha curcas, chlorophyceae (unicellular green algae), fucus vesiculosus (micro algae), afzelia africana, cucurbita pepo, hura crepitans, cuyperus esculentus, colocynthus vulgaris, and others. This book explores topics such as: Key characteristics of biodiesel, using biodiesel as an alternative to petroleum diesel, and a review of the latest industry standards, practices, and trends Basis of the selection of specific (including nonedible) feedstocks for different applications and the addition of new, innovative feedstocks in recent years Specific sustainability benefits of nonedible feedstocks, which can be grown on abandoned land where they do not compete with food crops Government policies aimed at finding fossil fuel alternatives which will increase biodegradable feedstock adoption Experimental and predictive modeling of biodiesel produced from novel feedstocks using computational intelligence techniques Providing both core foundational knowledge on the subject as well as insight on how to practically transition away from fossil fuels, this book is an essential reference for engineering professionals with a specific interest in biodiesel production, sustainability, renewable energy, and environmental conservation.
Author: Ling Zhou
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
Author: R Luque
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0857095862
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 305
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Book Description
Biodiesel is one of the main biofuels capable of substituting fossil fuel usage in compression ignition vehicles, and is used in a variety of fuel blends worldwide. First-generation biodiesel has been used in national markets for some time, with fuel quality standards in place for this purpose. There remain, however, several restrictions to sustainable and long term market development, which is influenced by many factors, including food vs. fuel pressures. The development of new generations of biodiesel, aimed at more sustainable and effective feedstock utilisation alongside improved production efficiency and fuel quality, is critical to the future both of this industry and of the continuing use of biodiesel fuels in transportation.This book provides a timely reference on the advances in the development of biodiesel fuels, production processes and technologies. Part one reviews the life cycle sustainability assessment and socio-economic and environmental policy issues associated with advanced biodiesel production, as well as feedstocks and fuel quality standards. This coverage is extended in Part two, with chapters focussing on the development of methods and catalysts essential to the improvement and optimisation of biodiesel production processes and technologies.With its distinguished editors and international team of contributors, Advances in biodiesel production a standard reference for chemical, biochemical and industrial process engineers, as well as scientists and researchers in this important field. - Provides a timely reference on the advances in the development of biodiesel fuels, production processes and technologies - Reviews the life cycle sustainability assessment and socio-economic and environmental policy issues associated with advanced biodiesel production, as well as feedstocks and fuel quality standards - Discusses the development of methods and catalysts essential to the improvement and optimisation of biodiesel production processes and technologies
Author: Gerhard Knothe
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0983507260
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 516
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Book Description
The second edition of this invaluable handbook covers converting vegetable oils, animal fats, and used oils into biodiesel fuel. The Biodiesel Handbook delivers solutions to issues associated with biodiesel feedstocks, production issues, quality control, viscosity, stability, applications, emissions, and other environmental impacts, as well as the status of the biodiesel industry worldwide. - Incorporates the major research and other developments in the world of biodiesel in a comprehensive and practical format - Includes reference materials and tables on biodiesel standards, unit conversions, and technical details in four appendices - Presents details on other uses of biodiesel and other alternative diesel fuels from oils and fats
Author: Samuel Lalthazuala Rokhum
Publisher: John Wiley & Sons
ISBN: 1119771331
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 436
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Book Description
An incisive discussion of biofuel production from an economically informed technical perspective that addresses sustainability and commercialization together In Biodiesel Production: Feedstocks, Catalysts and Technologies, renowned chemists Drs Rokhum, Halder, Ngaosuwan and Assabumrungrat present an up-to-date account of the most recent developments, challenges, and trends in biodiesel production. The book addresses select feedstocks, including edible and non-edible oils, waste cooking oil, microalgae, and animal fats, and highlights their advantages and disadvantages from a variety of perspectives. It also discusses several catalysts used in each of their methods of preparation, as well as their synthesis, reactivity, recycling techniques, and stability. The contributions explore recently developed technologies for sustainable production of biodiesel and provides robust treatments of their sustainability, commercialization, and their prospects for future biodiesel production. A thorough introduction to the various catalysts used in the preparation of biodiesel and their characteristics Comprehensive explorations of biofuel production from technical and economic perspectives, with complete treatments of their sustainability and commercialization Practical discussions of the development of new strategies for sustainable and economically viable biodiesel production In-depth examinations of biodiesel feedstocks, catalysts, and technologies Perfect for academic researchers and industrial scientists working in fields that involve biofuels, bioenergy, catalysis, and materials science, Biodiesel Production: Feedstocks, Catalysts and Technologies will also earn a place in the libraries of bioenergy regulators.
Author: Majid Hosseini (Engineer)
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Algal biofuels
Languages : en
Pages : 157
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Book Description
The rationales of this research work were to investigate sustainable and environmentally friendly pretreatment processes that could be potentially viable in biodiesel production from cheaper feedstocks, also to examine less expensive harvesting techniques for collection of microalga Ochromonas danica (O. danica). To develop such sustainable pretreatment processes, the feasibility of upgrading waste cooking oil (WCO) using microalga O. danica was investigated. Two WCO samples with initial acid values (AV) of 10.7 and 3.9 (mg KOH/g) were examined. The AV of remaining oils was decreased by 2.8 and 2.4 mg KOH/g oil respectively. The fuel qualities of biodiesel made under the optimal conditions satisfied the standards of ASTM D6751. However, the yield and fuel properties (including the heating value) were better for the biodiesel prepared from the alga- treated WCO. Also evaluated in this study were two potentially less expensive flotation methods for harvesting the O. danica cells, one by micro-air bubbles and the other by droplets of WCO. According to the Taguchi method, the optimal condition for WCO-based flotation, in the test set-up used in this study, was 20 min for mixing duration, 20 min for flotation time, 420 rpm for mixing speed, and 10 (v/v)% of oil-to-sample ratio. Under this condition, over 80% of cells could be harvested with the floated oil layer. Oil residues remained in the processed water. Further water treatment might be necessary. Air flotation showed to be more effective. Performance, in terms of cell recovery and concentrating ratio, was best with stationary-phase cultures and at lower pH of 3.0-4.5. With proper increase of air flow rate along the flotation process, the recovery was consistently 90+% and could reach 98+% for samples of higher initial cell concentrations (> 1 x 108 cells/ml). As cells were responsible for foaming, the initial sample-to-column volume ratio should be lowered with increasing initial cell concentration (C0), so as to balance the foam generation (good for high recovery) with draining (good for high concentrating ratio). We also investigated the potential of a process based on complexation of the FFA in oil with aqueous solutions of multivalent cations. When maintained at 70° C for 4-6 h, oil-water mixture successfully separated into two phases with an inter-phase below the oil layer. The complexed-FFA was largely moved into the inter-phase and the aqueous phase while the oil layer with reduced FFA could be separated. Using CaCl2 as the complexing agent, the AV of the two selected oil samples in this study, having initial AV of 8.6 and 15.4 (mg KOH/g oil), were reduced to 3.2 ± 0.3 and 4.4 ± 0.2 (mg KOH/g oil) respectively. The FFA removal from oil would naturally lead to decrease (loss) of oil weight. The average oil loss (w/w) was 14 ± 1.4 % and 18 ± 2.2 % respectively, for the above two oil samples. When FeCl3 was used for complexation, the AV was reduced to 4.8 ± 0.1 and 6.5 ± 0.34 (mg KOH/g oil), and the average oil loss (w/w) was 10 ± 2 % and 14 ± 3 % correspondingly. The study results support the possibility of an integrated process of (1) removing FFA by complexation, (2) treatment of the FFA-containing water with the phagotrophic alga, and (3) harvesting the oil-laden algal cells with air flotation, as a potentially economic and environment-friendly process to upgrade the high FFA WCO for biodiesel production.
Author: Donald L. Klass
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0080528058
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 669
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Book Description
Biomass for Renewable Energy, Fuels, and Chemicals serves as a comprehensive introduction to the subject for the student and educator, and is useful for researchers who are interested in the technical details of biomass energy production. The coverage and discussion are multidisciplinary, reflecting the many scientific and engineering disciplines involved. The book will appeal to a broad range of energy professionals and specialists, farmers and foresters who are searching for methods of selecting, growing, and converting energy crops, entrepreneurs who are commercializing biomass energy projects, and those involved in designing solid and liquid waste disposal-energy recovery systems. Presents a graduated treatment from basic principles to the details of specific technologies Includes a critical analysis of many biomass energy research and commercialization activities Proposes several new technical approaches to improve efficiencies, net energy production, and economics Reviews failed projects, as well as successes, and methods for overcoming barriers to commercialization Written by a leader in the field with 40 years of educational, research, and commercialization experience
