Author: Alan V. Deardorff
Publisher: World Bank Publications
ISBN:
Category : Comercio internacional
Languages : en
Pages : 40

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Book Description
The author examines the special role that trade liberalization in services industries can play in stimulating trade in both services, and goods. International trade in goods requires inputs from such trade services as transportation, insurance, and finance, for example. Restrictions on services across borders, and within foreign countries add costs, and barriers to international trade. Liberalizing trade in services could also facilitate trade in goods, providing more benefits than one might expect from analysis merely of the services trade. To emphasize the point, the author notes that the benefits for trade are arguably enhanced by the phenomenon of fragmentation. The more that production processes become split across locations, with the fragments tied together, and coordinated by various trade services, the greater the gains from reductions in the costs of services. The incentives for such fragmentation can be greater across countries, than within countries, because of the greater differences in factor prices, and technologies. But the service costs of international fragmentation can also be larger, especially if regulations, and restrictions impede the international provision of services. As a result, trade liberalization in services can stimulate the fragmentation of production of both goods, and services, thus increasing international trade, and the gains from trade even further. Since fragmentation seems to characterize an increasing portion of world specialization, the importance of service liberalization is growing apace.

Author: Alan V. Deardorff
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :

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Book Description
February 2001 By reducing the costs of such trade services as transport, insurance, and finance, liberalizing trade in services can generate benefits in the markets for every kind of trade they facilitate. It can also stimulate the fragmentation of production of both goods and services, thus increasing international trade and the gains from trade even further. Deardorff examines the special role that trade liberalization in services industries can play in stimulating trade in both services and goods. International trade in goods requires inputs from such trade services as transportation, insurance, and finance, for example. Restrictions on services across borders and within foreign countries add costs and barriers to international trade. Liberalizing trade in services could also facilitate trade in goods, providing more benefits than one might expect from analysis merely of the services trade. To emphasize the point, Deardorff notes that the benefits for trade are arguably enhanced by the phenomenon of fragmentation. The more that production processes become split across locations, with the fragments tied together and coordinated by various trade services, the greater the gains from reductions in the costs of services. The incentives for such fragmentation can be greater across countries than within countries because of the greater differences in factor prices and technologies. But the service costs of international fragmentation can also be larger, especially if regulations and restrictions impede the international provision of services. As a result, trade liberalization in services can stimulate the fragmentation of production of both goods and services, thus increasing international trade and the gains from trade even further. Since fragmentation seems to characterize an increasing portion of world specialization, the importance of service liberalization is growing apace. This paper--a product of Trade, Development Research Group--is part of a larger effort in the group to improve trade policy in goods and services. The author may be contacted at [email protected].

Author: World Trade Organization
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 128

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Book Description

Author: Shailey Dash
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0

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Book Description
The outsourcing boom being observed in India is actually a part of a much bigger worldwide phenomenon of international fragmentation in production and trade. Outsourcing of manufacturing parts has been going on for quite some time, whereas outsourcing of services is a relatively recent phenomenon enabled by the huge reduction in costs of telecommunication and computerization. A key question that arises is whether there is any intrinsic difference in the nature of services outsourcing compared to manufacturing since both represent international trade in intermediates and both essentially take place to arbitrage international differences in costs. This paper explores the inherent difference between outsourcing of services and manufactures theoretically. Both services and manufacturing outsourcing are modeled in at the individual firm level and an attempt is made to identify and conceptualize differences and similarities in the factors underlying outsourcing of services and manufacturing. This would help determine the kind of scenarios in which services versus manufacturing outsourcing would occur and their economic impact.

Author: Jürgen Kurtz
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 9781108458252
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 0

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Book Description
International law has historically regulated foreign trade and foreign investment differently. Distinct evolutionary pathways have led to variances in treaty form, institutional culture, and dispute settlement. With their inevitable erosion through the late twentieth to early twenty-first centuries, those weak boundaries have become porous and indefensible. Powerful economic, legal and sociological factors are now pushing the two systems together. In this book, Jürgen Kurtz systematically explores the often complex and little-understood dynamics of this convergence phenomenon. Kurtz addresses the growing connections between international trade and investment law, proposing a theoretically grounded and doctrinally tractable framework to understand the deepening relationship between them. The book also offers reform ideas and possibilities, providing treaty negotiators and other government officials with a set of theoretical insights and doctrinal models that can guide actors in building a justifiable and sustainable level of commonality between the two legal systems.

Author: Aaditya Mattoo
Publisher: World Bank Publications
ISBN: 1464815542
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 768

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Book Description
Deep trade agreements (DTAs) cover not just trade but additional policy areas, such as international flows of investment and labor and the protection of intellectual property rights and the environment. Their goal is integration beyond trade or deep integration. These agreements matter for economic development. Their rules influence how countries (and hence, the people and firms that live and operate within them) transact, invest, work, and ultimately, develop. Trade and investment regimes determine the extent of economic integration, competition rules affect economic efficiency, intellectual property rights matter for innovation, and environmental and labor rules contribute to environmental and social outcomes. This Handbook provides the tools and data needed to analyze these new dimensions of integration and to assess the content and consequences of DTAs. The Handbook and the accompanying database are the result of collaboration between experts in different policy areas from academia and other international organizations, including the International Trade Centre (ITC), Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), and World Trade Organization (WTO).

Author: Joy Kategekwa
Publisher: Springer
ISBN: 3319035487
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 263

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Book Description
The Mode 4 commitments of WTO Members are narrow and shallow. Even though trade negotiations for enhanced Mode 4 access started well before the launch of the DDA- prospects for success are thin. These negotiations followed a traditional mercantilist approach- with limited attention to the underlying difficulties countries face in letting people into their borders, either generally, or on the basis of a WTO GATS commitment. This Book argues that this approach alone will not succeed. It proposes a focus not on trading market access concessions only, but on discussions aimed at understanding each other's regulatory approaches. To date, in terms of the literature available, we know very little about how WTO Members are managing their Mode 4 commitments. We know even less about how the WTO could learn from clearly more advanced steps in regional liberalization processes. This Book addresses these issues- through case studies of market access and national treatment commitments, and regulatory approaches in Economic Integration Agreements of a select group of WTO Members.

Author: Rajagopal,
Publisher: IGI Global
ISBN: 1522509038
Category : Computers
Languages : en
Pages : 367

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Book Description
Traditional marketing techniques have become outdated by the emergence of the internet, and for companies to survive in the new technological marketplace, they must adopt digital marketing and business analytics practices. Unfortunately, with the benefits of improved storage and flow of information comes the risk of cyber-attack. Business Analytics and Cyber Security Management in Organizations compiles innovative research from international professionals discussing the opportunities and challenges of the new era of online business. Outlining updated discourse for business analytics techniques, strategies for data storage, and encryption in emerging markets, this book is ideal for business professionals, practicing managers, and students of business.

Author: John R. Bryson
Publisher: Edward Elgar Publishing
ISBN: 1781000417
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 465

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Book Description
Service business accounts for more than 75 per cent of the wealth and employment created in most developed market economies. The management and economics of service business is based around selling expertise, knowledge and experiences. This Handbook co

Author: Debra Johnson
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1135175721
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 525

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Book Description
This new edition of International Business examines the impact of globalization on key aspects of the business environment. It offers a comprehensive overview of this phenomenon that is altering corporate strategy fundamentally, critiquing the complexities of globalization and its impact on international business. International Business offers a holistic examination of the processes that influence the evolution of strategy in the modern global economy. It is divided into three sections: impact of globalization: how globalization has driven the processes of regional integration and the emergence of transnational governance structures environmental drivers: how international strategy is shaped and the emergence of internationalized businesses resource issues: how resources can determine success in the global economy or impede firm evolution. Featuring a wealth of new case studies, updated pedagogy and a fresh new design, this new textbook will prove essential reading for all those studying international business. A companion website provides additional material for lecturers and students alike: www.routledge.com/textbooks/9780415437646.