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Author: Cassia Helena Marchon
Publisher:
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Languages : en
Pages :
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This dissertation contains three essays. The first and second essays examine intergenerational mobility in earnings in Brazil using a data set spanning three generations. I use data from PNAD{a nationally representative household survey in Brazil. I build a three-generations data set consisting of 5,125 grandfather-father- son triplets by restricting the sample to households with adult sons. The first essay estimates some relationships between a child's earnings and family background implied by the Becker-Tomes model. I find that the estimates contradict some of its predictions, like the negative relationship between child's earnings and grandparent's earnings when controlling for parent's earnings. I propose a modified version of the Becker-Tomes model and find that the estimates are consistent with its predictions. I find that family background explains 34.9% of the variation in earnings among young males who live with their parents. If it were possible to eliminate the differences in investment in the children's human capital, the variation in earnings would fall by no more than 21.1%. Additionally, if there were no differences in endowments among children, the variation in earnings would fall by no less than 26%. The second essay examines the evolution of the intergenerational elasticity across generations and im- plications of marriage, education and fertility on mobility. I find that the estimate of the intergenerational elasticity in earnings is 0.847. The elasticity of earnings between son-in-law and father-in-law, 0.89, is approximately the same as the elasticity between son and father, 0.9. Additionally, controlling for fathers' percentile in the earnings distribution, each additional sibling decreases the sons' percentile by 1.77 percentiles. The third essay estimates an indicator of the optimal investment in electricity generation in Texas, and the associated efficiency gains. The essay presents a method to estimate the optimal investment in each technology available to generate electricity. The estimation considers the expected entry and exit of generation plants, future fuel prices, different demand elasticities and a potential carbon allowance mar- kets. Considering a carbon allowance price equal to two times the level in Europe, the optimal investment in electricity generation in Texas is zero.
Author: Cassia Helena Marchon
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
This dissertation contains three essays. The first and second essays examine intergenerational mobility in earnings in Brazil using a data set spanning three generations. I use data from PNAD{a nationally representative household survey in Brazil. I build a three-generations data set consisting of 5,125 grandfather-father- son triplets by restricting the sample to households with adult sons. The first essay estimates some relationships between a child's earnings and family background implied by the Becker-Tomes model. I find that the estimates contradict some of its predictions, like the negative relationship between child's earnings and grandparent's earnings when controlling for parent's earnings. I propose a modified version of the Becker-Tomes model and find that the estimates are consistent with its predictions. I find that family background explains 34.9% of the variation in earnings among young males who live with their parents. If it were possible to eliminate the differences in investment in the children's human capital, the variation in earnings would fall by no more than 21.1%. Additionally, if there were no differences in endowments among children, the variation in earnings would fall by no less than 26%. The second essay examines the evolution of the intergenerational elasticity across generations and im- plications of marriage, education and fertility on mobility. I find that the estimate of the intergenerational elasticity in earnings is 0.847. The elasticity of earnings between son-in-law and father-in-law, 0.89, is approximately the same as the elasticity between son and father, 0.9. Additionally, controlling for fathers' percentile in the earnings distribution, each additional sibling decreases the sons' percentile by 1.77 percentiles. The third essay estimates an indicator of the optimal investment in electricity generation in Texas, and the associated efficiency gains. The essay presents a method to estimate the optimal investment in each technology available to generate electricity. The estimation considers the expected entry and exit of generation plants, future fuel prices, different demand elasticities and a potential carbon allowance mar- kets. Considering a carbon allowance price equal to two times the level in Europe, the optimal investment in electricity generation in Texas is zero.
Author: Cassia Marchon
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Author: Anthony B. Atkinson
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0444594760
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 2366
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Book Description
What new theories, evidence, explanations, and policies have shaped our studies of income distribution in the 21st century? Editors Tony Atkinson and Francois Bourguignon assemble the expertise of leading authorities in this survey of substantive issues. In two volumes they address subjects that were not covered in Volume 1 (2000), such as education, health and experimental economics; and subjects that were covered but where there have been substantial new developments, such as the historical study of income inequality and globalization. Some chapters discuss future growth areas, such as inheritance, the links between inequality and macro-economics and finance, and the distributional implications of climate change. They also update empirical advances and major changes in the policy environment. The volumes define and organize key areas of income distribution studies Contributors focus on identifying newly developing questions and opportunities for future research The authoritative articles emphasize the ways that income mobility and inequality studies have recently gained greater political significance
Author: Miles Corak
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 9781139455763
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 348
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Book Description
Labour markets in North America and Europe have changed tremendously in the face of increased globalisation and technical progress, raising important challenges for policy makers concerned with equality of opportunity. This book examines the influence of both changes in income inequality and of social policies on the degree to which economic advantage is passed on between parents and children in the rich countries. Standard theoretical models of generational dynamics are extended to examine generational income and earnings mobility over time and across space. Over twenty contributors from North America and Europe offer comparable estimates of the degree of mobility, changes in mobility, and the impact of government policy. In so doing, they strengthen the analytical tool kit used in the study of generational mobility, and offer insights for research and directions in dealing with equality of opportunity and child poverty.
Author: Mr. Benedicte Baduel
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
ISBN: 1513572644
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 37
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Sharing economic benefits equitably across all segments of society includes addressing the specific challenges of different generations. At present, youth and elderly are particularly vulnerable to poverty relative to adults in their middle years. Broad-based policies should aim to foster youth integration into the labor market and ensure adequate income and health care support for the elderly. Turning to the intergenerational dimension, everyone should have the same chances in life, regardless of their family background. Policies that promote social mobility include improving access to high-quality care and education starting from a very early age, supporting lifelong learning, effective social protection schemes, and investing in infrastructure and other services to reduce spatial segregation.
Author: Diogo G. C. Britto
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Equality
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
We provide the first estimates of intergenerational income mobility for a developing country, namely Brazil. We measure formal income from tax and employment registries, and we train machine learning models on census and survey data to predict informal income. The data reveal a much higher degree of persistence than previous estimates available for developed economies: a 10 percentile increase in parental income rank is associated with a 5.5 percentile increase in child income rank, and persistence is even higher in the top 5%. Children born to parents in the first income quintile face a 46% chance of remaining at the bottom when adults. We validate these estimates using two novel mobility measures that rank children and parents without the need to impute informal income. We document substantial heterogeneity in mobility across individual characteristics -- notably gender and race -- and across Brazilian regions. Leveraging children who migrate at different ages, we estimate that causal place effects explain 57% of the large spatial variation in mobility. Finally, assortative mating plays a strong role in household income persistence, and parental income is also strongly associated with several key long-term outcomes such as education, teenage pregnancy, occupation, mortality, and victimization.
Author: Diding Sakri
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 1009382713
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 106
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In the Global South economic mobility across generations or intergenerational economic mobility is in and of itself an important topic for research with consequences for policy. It concerns the 'stickiness' or otherwise of inequality because mobility is concerned with the extent to which children's economic outcomes are dependent on their parents' economic outcomes. Scholars have estimated levels of intergenerational mobility in many developed countries. Fewer estimates are available for developing countries, where mobility matters more due to starker differences in living standards. This Element surveys the area, conceptually and empirically; it presents a new estimate for a developing country, namely Indonesia; it discusses the 'Great Gatsby Curve' and highlights the different positions of developed and developing countries. Finally, it presents a theoretical framework to explain the drivers of mobility and the stickiness or otherwise of inequality across time. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Author: Christopher E. Dunn
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 298
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Author: Tak Wai Chau
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Copulas (Mathematical statistics)
Languages : en
Pages : 226
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"In Chapter 1, I study the effect of labor income mobility on lifetime inequality in the United States and Germany. I estimate models of labor income dynamics using PSID and GSOEP, and then simulate the lifetime income distribution. I use a flexible copula approach in which I extend the existing copula models to allow for a more general form of individual unobserved heterogeneity and to allow for a second order Markov transitory component. I find that these extensions improve the fit of the copula model and change the conclusions that can be drawn. My results from Chapter 1 show that, when using a flexible copula-form individual heterogeneity, the rise in mobility in the 90's in the United States can compensate for the increase in cross-sectional inequality, leading to a similar lifetime inequality across the 80's and 90's, which is not found in the more traditional specifications. On the other hand, Germany experienced a slight decrease in mobility over the same period, and thus an increase in both lifetime and cross-sectional inequality. My results also show that, despite a higher mobility, the lifetime income inequality in the United States is still much higher than that in Germany. In Chapter 2, I study the degree of intergenerational mobility in the United States and Germany. The traditional method of assessing intergenerational mobility--using the average income over a few years for each generation--is subject to two kinds of bias: attenuation bias due to measurement error and life cycle biases. In Chapter 2, I use a dynamic copula model of earnings, which explicitly takes into account the fact that the observed earnings are subject to transitory shocks that can be persistent. The model also allows for variations over the life cycle in various dimensions to deal with life cycle bias. Therefore, my model is able to adjust for the above two kinds of bias. Moreover, I adopt a copula approach so that it provides a more flexible model by allowing for asymmetry in the dynamics and intergenerational dependence. Using PSID data from the United States and GSOEP data from Germany, I find that the traditional method is substantially biased downward. The intergenerational elasticity is 0.52 in the United States and 0.39 for Germany, which are about 0.1 higher than the results obtained from more traditional method using the same sample data. I have also found substantial asymmetry in the earnings relations between generations. There is a substantially higher elasticity in lifetime earnings for sons with fathers at the top lifetime earnings quantiles than those with fathers at lower quantiles. The increase in inequality over time also increases the intergenerational elasiticity [i.e. elasticity] if the intergenerational earnings transmission is stable in terms of rank."--Leaves iv-vi.
Author: Ramses H. Abul Naga
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 22
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