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Languages : en
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Human exposure assessment is a key step in estimating the environmental and public health burdens that result chemical emissions in the life cycle of an industrial product or service. This column presents the third in a series of overviews of the state of the art in integrated environmental assessment - earlier columns described emissions estimation (Frey and Small, 2003) and fate and transport modeling (Ramaswami, et al., 2004). When combined, these first two assessment elements provide estimates of ambient concentrations in the environment. Here we discuss how both models and measurements are used to translate ambient concentrations into metrics of human and ecological exposure, the necessary precursors to impact assessment. Exposure assessment is the process of measuring and/or modeling the magnitude, frequency and duration of contact between a potentially harmful agent and a target population, including the size and characteristics of that population (IPCS, 2001; Zartarian, et al., 2005). Ideally the exposure assessment process should characterize the sources, routes, pathways, and uncertainties in the assessment. Route of exposure refers to the way that an agent enters the receptor during an exposure event. Humans contact pollutants through three routes--inhalation, ingestion, and dermal uptake. Inhalation occurs in both outdoor environments and indoor environments where most people spend the majority of their time. Ingestion includes both water and food, as well as soil and dust uptake due to hand-to-mouth activity. Dermal uptake occurs through contacts with consumer products; indoor and outdoor surfaces; the water supply during washing or bathing; ambient surface waters during swimming or boating; soil during activities such as work, gardening, and play; and, to a lesser extent, from the air that surrounds us. An exposure pathway is the course that a pollutant takes from an ambient environmental medium (air, soil, water, biota, etc), to an exposure medium (indoor air, food, tap water, etc.) and to an exposed individual. Exposure scenarios are used to define plausible pathways for human contact. Recognition of the multiple pathways possible for exposure highlights the importance of a multimedia, multipathway exposure framework.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
Human exposure assessment is a key step in estimating the environmental and public health burdens that result chemical emissions in the life cycle of an industrial product or service. This column presents the third in a series of overviews of the state of the art in integrated environmental assessment - earlier columns described emissions estimation (Frey and Small, 2003) and fate and transport modeling (Ramaswami, et al., 2004). When combined, these first two assessment elements provide estimates of ambient concentrations in the environment. Here we discuss how both models and measurements are used to translate ambient concentrations into metrics of human and ecological exposure, the necessary precursors to impact assessment. Exposure assessment is the process of measuring and/or modeling the magnitude, frequency and duration of contact between a potentially harmful agent and a target population, including the size and characteristics of that population (IPCS, 2001; Zartarian, et al., 2005). Ideally the exposure assessment process should characterize the sources, routes, pathways, and uncertainties in the assessment. Route of exposure refers to the way that an agent enters the receptor during an exposure event. Humans contact pollutants through three routes--inhalation, ingestion, and dermal uptake. Inhalation occurs in both outdoor environments and indoor environments where most people spend the majority of their time. Ingestion includes both water and food, as well as soil and dust uptake due to hand-to-mouth activity. Dermal uptake occurs through contacts with consumer products; indoor and outdoor surfaces; the water supply during washing or bathing; ambient surface waters during swimming or boating; soil during activities such as work, gardening, and play; and, to a lesser extent, from the air that surrounds us. An exposure pathway is the course that a pollutant takes from an ambient environmental medium (air, soil, water, biota, etc), to an exposure medium (indoor air, food, tap water, etc.) and to an exposed individual. Exposure scenarios are used to define plausible pathways for human contact. Recognition of the multiple pathways possible for exposure highlights the importance of a multimedia, multipathway exposure framework.
Author: John Glasson
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 1135357501
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 583
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Book Description
First Published in 1994. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.
Author: Angus Morrison-Saunders
Publisher: Edward Elgar Publishing
ISBN: 178897204X
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 304
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Book Description
This comprehensive guide provides readers with strategies for teaching Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) in all its forms, whether through formal university programmes or in the form of short courses offered to professionals and practitioners.
Author: Barry Sadler
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 113653914X
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 642
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Book Description
This authoritative handbook surveys the full breadth and depth of SEA, bringing together a range of international perspectives and insights on the theoretical, methodological and institutional dimensions and practical issues of the field. It then subjects this conventional wisdom to a critical reappraisal, looks at the vast lessons of experience and offers new ideas and interpretations as to where the field is going. The volume is organized into six major sections, beginning with an introduction and overview of the development of the field and a framework for evaluating SEA good practice. Part I comprises a review of SEA frameworks in leading countries (Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the USA), the European Union and developing regions (Africa, Asia, Latin America and Newly Independent States). Part II reviews SEA practice in several major sectors (energy, minerals, transport, water, development assistance and coastal zone management). Part III addresses the linkages between SEA and other comparable tools such as spatial planning and environmental management. Part IV probes key cross-cutting issues in SEA, including how to address cumulative and trans-boundary effects. Part V identifies ways and means of SEA process and capacity development, focusing on how to improve and upgrade the theory and practice of the field. Part VI examines the shift from conventional SEA towards more integrative approaches, drawing on experience and examples from a number of countries. Published with IAIA
Author: Chenje
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
Author: Roel Slootweg
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 0521888417
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 456
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Book Description
First of its kind and unique in its blend of theoretical and practical approaches for mainstreaming biodiversity in impact assessment.
Author: United Nations
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 1108298842
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 978
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Book Description
The World Ocean Assessment - or, to give its full title, The First Global Integrated Marine Assessment - is the outcome of the first cycle of the United Nations' Regular Process for Global Reporting and Assessment of the State of the Marine Environment, including Socioeconomic Aspects. The Assessment provides vital, scientifically-grounded bases for the consideration of ocean issues, including climate change, by governments, intergovernmental agencies, non-governmental agencies and all other stakeholders and policymakers involved in ocean affairs. Together with future assessments and related initiatives, it will support the implementation of the recently adopted 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, particularly its ocean-related goals. Moreover, it will also form an important reference text for marine science courses.
Author: Igor Linkov
Publisher: Springer Science & Business Media
ISBN: 1402058020
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 482
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Book Description
History has shown how powerful societies decline when natural resources are unable to be replenished. This book explores the challenges facing coastal areas during in the near future. It emphasizes beliefs that the convergence of seemingly disparate viewpoints and uncertain and limited information is possible only by using available risk assessment methodologies and decision-making tools such as multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA).
Author: Frederick Rossini
Publisher: Routledge
ISBN: 0429725507
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 272
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Book Description
An outgrowth of the recognition that the varieties of impact assessment have much in common and that the common elements are a sound basis for an intellectual framework, this book incorporates contributions from leading practitioners of technology, environmental, and social impact assessment. The authors describe integrated impact assessment; addre
Author: James Joseph Stapleton
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 330
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Book Description
A numerical format is developed to help citizens express, evaluate, and tradeoff perceived impacts arising from community actions that affect the environment. This format does not supply answers to decision problems, but is a tool to explore one's own values and evaluatory process, as well as the values and process of others. Part I is introductory, Part II provides historical background, Part III reviews existing methodologies for expressing environmental values, Part IV introduces the new evaluation formats, Part V is a workbook for using these formats, and Part VI evaluates the usefulness of the format in workshops and classrooms. Part II introduces 6 issues as needs to be met by any effective environmental assessment format: (1) evaluating all concerns, quantifiables and intangibles; (2) integrating analysis and synthesis; (3) indicating inequities; (4) expressing the effect of time upon the assessment; (5) clarifying the extent of uncertainties, weighing calculable benefits with unknown risks; and (6) distinguishing the realms of interest, whether global, societal, organizational, or private. These issues are used as criteria in Part III to assess current evaluation methods, and as guides for constructing the new format elements in Part IV. the new method addresses these concerns either explicitly (3,4,5), or implicitly by allowing the evaluator a free hand in identifying his/her concerns (1) and by leading the evaluator to choose among arenas of concern (6). the method attempts to solve the traditional assessment problem of synthesizing (for the sake of a final decision) evaluations of impacts of different kinds, such as aesthetic and economic impacts (2). This problem is addressed by shifting the assessment focus from impacts to the evaluator's perceptions of impacts, which can be synthesized because they are by definition of one kind.
