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Author: Jennifer S. Conrad
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
Using proprietary data, we examine institutional orders and trades filled by alternative electronic trading systems. Our data consist of almost 800,000 orders (corresponding to 2.15 million trades) worth approximately $1.6 trillion, between the first quarter of 1996 and the first quarter of 1998. These data allow us to distinguish between orders filled by day and after-hours crossing systems, electronic communication networks (ECNs) and traditional brokers. We find that crossing systems are used largely to execute orders in listed stocks, while ECNs concentrate in Nasdaq stocks. On average, broker-filled orders are larger, have longer duration, and higher fill rates than orders executed by alternative trading systems. Controlling for variation in order characteristics, difficulty, and endogeneity in the choice of trading venue, we find that realized execution costs are generally lower on crossing systems and ECNs. Order handling rules and tick size changes implemented in 1997 appear to reduce the cost advantage of trading on ECNs. Our results shed light on the emergence of alternative electronic trading systems that provide significant competition for order flow, for both exchanges and dealer markets.
Author: Jennifer S. Conrad
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
Using proprietary data, we examine institutional orders and trades filled by alternative electronic trading systems. Our data consist of almost 800,000 orders (corresponding to 2.15 million trades) worth approximately $1.6 trillion, between the first quarter of 1996 and the first quarter of 1998. These data allow us to distinguish between orders filled by day and after-hours crossing systems, electronic communication networks (ECNs) and traditional brokers. We find that crossing systems are used largely to execute orders in listed stocks, while ECNs concentrate in Nasdaq stocks. On average, broker-filled orders are larger, have longer duration, and higher fill rates than orders executed by alternative trading systems. Controlling for variation in order characteristics, difficulty, and endogeneity in the choice of trading venue, we find that realized execution costs are generally lower on crossing systems and ECNs. Order handling rules and tick size changes implemented in 1997 appear to reduce the cost advantage of trading on ECNs. Our results shed light on the emergence of alternative electronic trading systems that provide significant competition for order flow, for both exchanges and dealer markets.
Author: Gregory W. Eaton
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 63
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Book Description
Using proprietary institutional trade data, we construct a price impact measure that represents the costs faced by institutional investors. We show that many widely used liquidity measures do not adequately capture institutional trading costs. We then find that institutional trading costs are not dramatically impacted by decimalization, casting doubt on the widely used identification strategy that employs decimalization as an exogenous shock to liquidity, particularly institutional liquidity. Indeed, we find that conclusions from prior research are significantly altered when we measure liquidity using institutional trading data.
Author: Jonathan R. Macey
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Investments
Languages : en
Pages : 62
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Book Description
Author: Donald B. Keim
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
This paper examines the empirical evidence on the cost of equity trades for institutional investors. There is considerable practical and academic interest in the measurement and analysis of trading costs. We discuss some of the results that emerge from the recent literature on institutional trading costs and augment those finding with new evidence from a large sample of institutional trades. The evidence we discuss includes: (i) implicit trading costs (such as the price impact of a trade and the opportunity costs of failing to execute) are economically significant relative to explicit costs (and relative to realized portfolio returns); (ii) equity trading costs vary systematically with trade difficulty and order placement strategy; (iii) differences in market design, investment style, trading ability, and reputation are also important determinants of trading costs; (iv) even controlling for trade complexity, there is considerable variation in trading costs across institutions; (v) accurate prediction of trading costs requires more detailed data on the entire order submission process, especially information on pre-trade decision variables such as the trading horizon. We also discuss the implications of equity trading costs for policy makers and investors. For example, the concept of quot;best executionquot; is difficult to measure and, therefore, enforce for institutional investors.
Author: Jennifer S. Conrad
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
Using proprietary data, we examine institutional orders and trades filled by alternative electronic trading systems. Our data consist of almost 800,000 orders (corresponding to 2.15 million trades) worth approximately $1.6 trillion, between the first quarter of 1996 and the first quarter of 1998. These data allow us to distinguish between orders filled by external crossing systems, electronic communication networks (ECNs) and traditional brokers. We find that external crossing systems are used largely to execute orders in listed stocks, while ECNs concentrate in Nasdaq stocks. On average, broker-filled orders are larger, have longer duration, and higher fill rates than orders executed by alternative trading systems. Controlling for variation in order characteristics, difficulty, and endogeneity in the choice of trading venue, we find that realized execution costs are substantially lower on external crossing systems and ECNs. Our results shed light on the emergence of alternative electronic trading systems that provide significant competition for order flow, for both exchanges and dealer markets.
Author: Michael C. Thomsett
Publisher: FT Press
ISBN: 0133811697
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 337
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Book Description
To protect portfolios in today's volatile and uncertain market environment, institutional investors need to hedge losses, create extra sources of income, and reduce risk. In his extensively updated and expanded Options Trading for the Institutional Investor, Third Edition, renowned options expert Michael C. Thomsett shows how to do all this effectively. One step at a time, Thomsett helps institutional investors exploit powerful, carefully chosen options strategies that can dramatically increase overall returns as you manage risks within your institution's limits. Thomsett discusses covered call writing on carefully selected stocks, contingent purchase strategies, and powerful "combination" strategies that produce cash to bolster current income. He guides professional investors through every strategy, using actual examples, portfolios, and graphs taken directly from today's markets. Wherever applicable, he addresses specific forms of risk and volatility that only institutional investors face. This thoroughly updated Third Edition includes a chart-based analytical method that relies on reversal signals in the underlying as an alternative to volatility analysis. Thomsett presents new chapters on two powerful strategies he has developed and utilized to optimize returns while minimizing risk: the 1-2-3 Iron Butterfly, and the Dividend Collar. This edition also adds detailed new coverage of risk evaluation.
Author: Louis K.C. Chan
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 36
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Book Description
We compare execution costs (market impact plus commission) on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) and on Nasdaq for institutional investors. The differences in cost generally conform to each market's area of specialization. Controlling for firm size, trade size and the money management firm's identity, costs are lower on Nasdaq for trades in comparatively smaller firms. For the smallest firms, the cost advantage under a pre-execution benchmark is 0.68 percent. However, trading costs for the larger stocks are lower on NYSE. For the largest stocks, costs are lower by 0.48 percent on NYSE. Given the extreme difficulty of controlling for variables other than market structure, however, comparisons of costs should be interpreted with extreme caution.
Author: Charles Mark Jones
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Institutional investments
Languages : en
Pages : 36
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Book Description
Author: Laura A. Tuttle
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 18
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Book Description
This paper discusses descriptive statistics on U.S. equity Alternative Trading Systems (ATSs, some of which are referred to as “dark pools”). The paper is intended to inform public discussion of the role and regulation of ATSs. While ATSs operate markets similar in some ways to the registered exchanges, there are important institutional differences. Although both exchanges and ATSs provide marketplaces for buyers and sellers to transact in securities, ATSs do not necessarily provide public information on the best prices available to traders within their system. They also do not set rules governing the conduct of subscribers and they perform no self-regulation, while exchanges perform all of these functions. Additionally, because ATSs are regulated as broker-dealers, they comply with a different set of regulations than traditional exchanges. Trading on ATSs regularly comprises 10-15% of U.S. equity trading volume. However, academic and public understanding of ATSs lags that of traditional exchanges partially due to a lack of publicly available data on ATSs. Using a five-day sample of regulatory data from May 7-11, 2012, this paper discusses summary statistics on ATS participation in the trading of National Market System (NMS) stocks, including common stocks and many exchange-traded products (ETPs).
Author: Rosario J. Girasa
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 42
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Book Description
The transfer of ownership of securities has traditionally been accomplished through the use of public exchanges, such as the New York Stock Exchange and NASDAQ, which are subject to stringent statutory and regulatory regulations. Typically, investors purchase and sell equity securities on exchanges based on recent available pricing data. Large purchases or the unloading of shares on the open market may result in a substantial increase or diminution in the price of the shares. Large institutional investors such as mutual funds and the like are wary of making sizeable investments in particular securities because such investments may then cause the securities to fluctuate considerably and the price may be negatively affected. To address this concern, “dark pools of liquidity” - or, simply “dark pools” - arose as a form of an alternative trading system (“ATS”) in an effort to avoid national trading systems. Using dark pools, financial institutions are able to conceal the trades until they are placed. This practice avoids tipping their intentions and avoids a run-up or downturn of the securities prior to the trades. Dark pools now account for more stock trades than the NYSE, although it is worth noting that the NYSE set up a dark pool of its own as a one-year pilot Retail Liquidity Program in 2012. Although the word “dark” in connection with dark pools (as the word “shadow” in shadow banking) connotes seemingly sinister transactions, no such implication should be ascribed to these methodologies of providing liquidity to financial transactions. This articles examines dark pools in light of recent regulatory attempts towards transparency and oversight of ATS.
