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Author: Babatunde Aiyemo
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Economic development
Languages : en
Pages : 236
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Book Description
In this three-part essay, we explore the classical issue of the interplay between inequality and growth and the role of government in the underlying dynamics using modern macroeconomic analytical tools and econometric methods. In the first chapter, we frame the issues within an environment of endogenous labor supply where the government serves as both a facilitator of production and a source of redistribution. Herein we model and numerically simulate the effects on inequality and growth of an expansionary fiscal policy in the harnessing of externalities emanating from productive government capital which is subject to relative congestion. The results from this assessment indicate that congestion accelerates the time-path to steady-state convergence while moderating the distributional consequences of fiscal expansions and strengthening the potential for a tradeoff between instantaneous and long-run policy outcomes. Through numerical simulations we further demonstrate the inability of the capital income tax to ensure redistribution in the long run for significantly high levels of congestion such that the sole possibility for the joint realization of economic growth and decreasing inequality resides in the deployment of a hybrid tax scheme which disproportionately strengthens the return to labor. In the second chapter, we explore the distributional properties of the Barro (1990) model of productive government spending in the presence of endogenous labor, distortionary taxes and congestion externalities. We derive an optimal tax combination and demonstrate the effects on growth and inequality which arise from its enablement in circumstances where the government share is both optimally and sub-optimally determined for varying levels of congestion. Utilizing the endogenous response of labor to capital ownership, we show that depending on the tax regime adopted, a conflict between equity and efficiency exists regardless of whether inequality is evaluated in terms of income or welfare. In the third chapter, we utilize an extensive database to establish the strength of response of poverty to changes in economic growth as being positively influenced by improving institutional indices where poverty is evaluated at the $2.00/day margin. Accordingly, we establish the possibility that the war against poverty can be fought as much by policies that promote growth as by the effectuation of structural reforms which advance healthy economic development.
Author: Babatunde Aiyemo
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Economic development
Languages : en
Pages : 236
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Book Description
In this three-part essay, we explore the classical issue of the interplay between inequality and growth and the role of government in the underlying dynamics using modern macroeconomic analytical tools and econometric methods. In the first chapter, we frame the issues within an environment of endogenous labor supply where the government serves as both a facilitator of production and a source of redistribution. Herein we model and numerically simulate the effects on inequality and growth of an expansionary fiscal policy in the harnessing of externalities emanating from productive government capital which is subject to relative congestion. The results from this assessment indicate that congestion accelerates the time-path to steady-state convergence while moderating the distributional consequences of fiscal expansions and strengthening the potential for a tradeoff between instantaneous and long-run policy outcomes. Through numerical simulations we further demonstrate the inability of the capital income tax to ensure redistribution in the long run for significantly high levels of congestion such that the sole possibility for the joint realization of economic growth and decreasing inequality resides in the deployment of a hybrid tax scheme which disproportionately strengthens the return to labor. In the second chapter, we explore the distributional properties of the Barro (1990) model of productive government spending in the presence of endogenous labor, distortionary taxes and congestion externalities. We derive an optimal tax combination and demonstrate the effects on growth and inequality which arise from its enablement in circumstances where the government share is both optimally and sub-optimally determined for varying levels of congestion. Utilizing the endogenous response of labor to capital ownership, we show that depending on the tax regime adopted, a conflict between equity and efficiency exists regardless of whether inequality is evaluated in terms of income or welfare. In the third chapter, we utilize an extensive database to establish the strength of response of poverty to changes in economic growth as being positively influenced by improving institutional indices where poverty is evaluated at the $2.00/day margin. Accordingly, we establish the possibility that the war against poverty can be fought as much by policies that promote growth as by the effectuation of structural reforms which advance healthy economic development.
Author: Babatunde Aiyemo (‡e author)
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Economic development
Languages : en
Pages : 118
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Book Description
In this three-part essay, we explore the classical issue of the interplay between inequality and growth and the role of government in the underlying dynamics using modern macroeconomic analytical tools and econometric methods. In the first chapter, we frame the issues within an environment of endogenous labor supply where the government serves as both a facilitator of production and a source of redistribution. Herein we model and numerically simulate the effects on inequality and growth of an expansionary fiscal policy in the harnessing of externalities emanating from productive government capital which is subject to relative congestion. The results from this assessment indicate that congestion accelerates the time-path to steady-state convergence while moderating the distributional consequences of fiscal expansions and strengthening the potential for a tradeoff between instantaneous and long-run policy outcomes. Through numerical simulations we further demonstrate the inability of the capital income tax to ensure redistribution in the long run for significantly high levels of congestion such that the sole possibility for the joint realization of economic growth and decreasing inequality resides in the deployment of a hybrid tax scheme which disproportionately strengthens the return to labor. In the second chapter, we explore the distributional properties of the Barro (1990) model of productive government spending in the presence of endogenous labor, distortionary taxes and congestion externalities. We derive an optimal tax combination and demonstrate the effects on growth and inequality which arise from its enablement in circumstances where the government share is both optimally and sub-optimally determined for varying levels of congestion. Utilizing the endogenous response of labor to capital ownership, we show that depending on the tax regime adopted, a conflict between equity and efficiency exists regardless of whether inequality is evaluated in terms of income or welfare. In the third chapter, we utilize an extensive database to establish the strength of response of poverty to changes in economic growth as being positively influenced by improving institutional indices where poverty is evaluated at the $2.00/day margin. Accordingly, we establish the possibility that the war against poverty can be fought as much by policies that promote growth as by the effectuation of structural reforms which advance healthy economic development.
Author: Greg Martin Sukiassyan
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 386
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Book Description
Author: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309452961
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 583
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Book Description
In the United States, some populations suffer from far greater disparities in health than others. Those disparities are caused not only by fundamental differences in health status across segments of the population, but also because of inequities in factors that impact health status, so-called determinants of health. Only part of an individual's health status depends on his or her behavior and choice; community-wide problems like poverty, unemployment, poor education, inadequate housing, poor public transportation, interpersonal violence, and decaying neighborhoods also contribute to health inequities, as well as the historic and ongoing interplay of structures, policies, and norms that shape lives. When these factors are not optimal in a community, it does not mean they are intractable: such inequities can be mitigated by social policies that can shape health in powerful ways. Communities in Action: Pathways to Health Equity seeks to delineate the causes of and the solutions to health inequities in the United States. This report focuses on what communities can do to promote health equity, what actions are needed by the many and varied stakeholders that are part of communities or support them, as well as the root causes and structural barriers that need to be overcome.
Author: Robert J. Barro
Publisher: MIT Press
ISBN: 9780262025539
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 676
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Book Description
The long-awaited second edition of an important textbook on economic growth—a major revision incorporating the most recent work on the subject. This graduate level text on economic growth surveys neoclassical and more recent growth theories, stressing their empirical implications and the relation of theory to data and evidence. The authors have undertaken a major revision for the long-awaited second edition of this widely used text, the first modern textbook devoted to growth theory. The book has been expanded in many areas and incorporates the latest research. After an introductory discussion of economic growth, the book examines neoclassical growth theories, from Solow-Swan in the 1950s and Cass-Koopmans in the 1960s to more recent refinements; this is followed by a discussion of extensions to the model, with expanded treatment in this edition of heterogenity of households. The book then turns to endogenous growth theory, discussing, among other topics, models of endogenous technological progress (with an expanded discussion in this edition of the role of outside competition in the growth process), technological diffusion, and an endogenous determination of labor supply and population. The authors then explain the essentials of growth accounting and apply this framework to endogenous growth models. The final chapters cover empirical analysis of regions and empirical evidence on economic growth for a broad panel of countries from 1960 to 2000. The updated treatment of cross-country growth regressions for this edition uses the new Summers-Heston data set on world income distribution compiled through 2000.
Author: Raj Nallari
Publisher: World Bank Publications
ISBN: 0821369547
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 526
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Book Description
Provides an understanding of economic policies for poverty reduction in developing countries. The policy areas include the various roles of government in ensuring the effective operation of a market economy, conducting fiscal policy, and influencing the money supply, exchange rates, and the financial sector.
Author: Stephane Hallegatte
Publisher: World Bank Publications
ISBN: 1464806748
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 227
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Book Description
Ending poverty and stabilizing climate change will be two unprecedented global achievements and two major steps toward sustainable development. But the two objectives cannot be considered in isolation: they need to be jointly tackled through an integrated strategy. This report brings together those two objectives and explores how they can more easily be achieved if considered together. It examines the potential impact of climate change and climate policies on poverty reduction. It also provides guidance on how to create a “win-win†? situation so that climate change policies contribute to poverty reduction and poverty-reduction policies contribute to climate change mitigation and resilience building. The key finding of the report is that climate change represents a significant obstacle to the sustained eradication of poverty, but future impacts on poverty are determined by policy choices: rapid, inclusive, and climate-informed development can prevent most short-term impacts whereas immediate pro-poor, emissions-reduction policies can drastically limit long-term ones.
Author: Partha Dasgupta
Publisher: World Bank Publications
ISBN: 9780821350041
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 438
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Book Description
This book contains a number of papers presented at a workshop organised by the World Bank in 1997 on the theme of 'Social Capital: Integrating the Economist's and the Sociologist's Perspectives'. The concept of 'social capital' is considered through a number of theoretical and empirical studies which discuss its analytical foundations, as well as institutional and statistical analyses of the concept. It includes the classic 1987 article by the late James Coleman, 'Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital', which formed the basis for the development of social capital as an organising concept in the social sciences.
Author: World Bank
Publisher: World Bank Publications
ISBN: 1464816034
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 288
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Book Description
This edition of the biennial Poverty and Shared Prosperity report brings sobering news. The COVID-19 (coronavirus) pandemic and its associated economic crisis, compounded by the effects of armed conflict and climate change, are reversing hard-won gains in poverty reduction and shared prosperity. The fight to end poverty has suffered its worst setback in decades after more than 20 years of progress. The goal of ending extreme poverty by 2030, already at risk before the pandemic, is now beyond reach in the absence of swift, significant, and sustained action, and the objective of advancing shared prosperity—raising the incomes of the poorest 40 percent in each country—will be much more difficult. Poverty and Shared Prosperity 2020: Reversals of Fortune presents new estimates of COVID-19's impacts on global poverty and shared prosperity. Harnessing fresh data from frontline surveys and economic simulations, it shows that pandemic-related job losses and deprivation worldwide are hitting already poor and vulnerable people hard, while also shifting the profile of global poverty to include millions of 'new poor.' Original analysis included in the report shows that the new poor are more urban, better educated, and less likely to work in agriculture than those living in extreme poverty before COVID-19. It also gives new estimates of the impact of conflict and climate change, and how they overlap. These results are important for targeting policies to safeguard lives and livelihoods. It shows how some countries are acting to reverse the crisis, protect those most vulnerable, and promote a resilient recovery. These findings call for urgent action. If the global response fails the world's poorest and most vulnerable people now, the losses they have experienced to date will be minimal compared with what lies ahead. Success over the long term will require much more than stopping COVID-19. As efforts to curb the disease and its economic fallout intensify, the interrupted development agenda in low- and middle-income countries must be put back on track. Recovering from today's reversals of fortune requires tackling the economic crisis unleashed by COVID-19 with a commitment proportional to the crisis itself. In doing so, countries can also plant the seeds for dealing with the long-term development challenges of promoting inclusive growth, capital accumulation, and risk prevention—particularly the risks of conflict and climate change.
Author:
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Computer network resources
Languages : en
Pages : 300
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Book Description
