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Author: Hua Wang
Publisher: World Bank Publications
ISBN:
Category : Contaminacion - China
Languages : en
Pages : 26
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Book Description
Author: Hua Wang
Publisher: World Bank Publications
ISBN:
Category : Contaminacion - China
Languages : en
Pages : 26
Get Book
Book Description
Author: Hua Wang
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
Only a small number of studies have empirically examined the determinants of the monitoring and enforcement performed by environmental regulators, and most of these have focused on industrial countries. In contrast, the authors empirically examine the determinants of enforcement in China. More precisely, they analyze the determinants of firms' relative bargaining power with local environmental authorities with respect to the enforcement of pollution charges. The authors show that private sector firms appear to have less bargaining power than state-owned enterprises. Contrary to earlier findings, they also show that firms facing adverse financial situations have more bargaining power than other firms and are more likely to pay smaller pollution charges than they should be paying. Finally, the authors show that the greater the social impact of a firm's emissions (as measured by complaints), the less bargaining power it has with local environmental authorities.
Author: Hua Wang
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 21
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Book Description
In dealing with local environmental authorities, Chinese firms facing adverse financial situations have more bargaining power than other firms, while those generating more complaints from the public about their emissions have less. Only a small number of studies have empirically examined the determinants of the monitoring and enforcement performed by environmental regulators, and most of these have focused on industrial countries. In contrast, Wang, Mamingi, Laplante, and Dasgupta empirically examine the determinants of enforcement in China. More precisely, they analyze the determinants of firms' relative bargaining power with local environmental authorities with respect to the enforcement of pollution charges.The authors show that private sector firms appear to have less bargaining power than state-owned enterprises. Contrary to earlier findings, they also show that firms facing adverse financial situations have more bargaining power than other firms and are more likely to pay smaller pollution charges than they should be paying. Finally, the authors show that the greater the social impact of a firm's emissions (as measured by complaints), the less bargaining power it has with local environmental authorities.This paper - a product of Infrastructure and Environment, Development Research Group - is part of a larger effort in the group to study environmental regulation in developing countries.
Author: Peter Cleary Yeager
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
ISBN: 9780521448819
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 380
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Book Description
An analysis of the development of US water pollution laws, showing how legal processes and social relations interact as the state struggles to reconcile contradictory responsibilities.
Author: Robert W. Crandall
Publisher: Brookings Institution Press
ISBN:
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 232
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Book Description
Discusses the effectiveness of government regulations designed to reduce air pollution and recommends changes in air pollution policies and laws.
Author: Jacob I. Bregman
Publisher: CRC Press
ISBN: 9780873714945
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 324
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Book Description
Environmental Regulations provides a comprehensive introduction to the environmental laws and regulations with which industry must comply to stay in business. It presents the laws passed by Congress to control pollution, the regulations developed by government agencies to comply with the requirements of those laws, penalties for violations of regulations, and how companies can determine whether or not they are in violation of regulations. To promote a better understanding of why current regulations are written in the manner they are, the book includes examples of the history, chronology, and setting in which environmental laws were developed and how they have evolved through time. It also provides an introduction to The Federal Register, codification, and the Code of Federal Regulations, as well as an examination of how a regulation is developed within government. Environmental Regulations addresses several important issues, including discharges to water, ambient and indoor air, solid and hazardous wastes, toxic pollutants, abandoned dumps, the worker environment, enforcement and compliance, environmental investigations, and environmental assessments. It will be a source of fundamental information on major environmental regulated areas for industry professionals, environmentalists, state environmental protection or department of natural resource personnel, engineers, environmental lawyers, and others who must understand environmental regulations and their enforcement. The book will also be a useful introduction for instructors and students involved in courses in water resources, systems analysis, and environmental engineering. Features
Author: James V. DeLong
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Law
Languages : en
Pages : 136
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Book Description
People fear to dispute the agency's interpretation of its power or express doubts about the absolute primacy of its mission lest they be made into examples. The concept of "intent" has become so attenuated that it provides no limitation on prosecution.".
Author: Norbert Forgács
Publisher:
ISBN: 9781608760824
Category : Environmental law
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
As part of its mission to protect human health and the environment, the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) enforcement office maintains civil and criminal enforcement programs to help enforce the requirements of major federal environmental laws such as the Clean Air Act and Clean Water Act. EPA's civil and criminal enforcement programs work with the Department of Justice (DOJ), and in some cases States, to take legal actions to bring polluters into compliance with federal laws. While civil enforcement actions require polluters to pay penalties and take other corrective actions, criminal enforcement actions may also include imprisonment. EPA estimates that these efforts achieved commitments to reduce 3.9 billion pounds of pollutants in the environment, primarily from air and water. EPA also assessed more than $195 million in civil and criminal fines and restitution during FY2008. Nevertheless, non-compliance with federal pollution control laws remains a continuing concern. This book focuses on the EPA's vow to pursue civil and criminal violations of environmental laws. This book consists of public documents which have been located, gathered, combined, reformatted, and enhanced with a subject index, selectively edited and bound to provide easy access.
Author: Robert Esworthy
Publisher: Createspace Independent Pub
ISBN: 9781478355304
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 56
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Book Description
As a result of enforcement actions and settlements for noncompliance with federal pollution control requirements, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) reported that, for FY2011, regulated entities committed to invest an estimated $19.0 billion for judicially mandated pollution controls and cleanup, and for implementing mutually agreed upon (supplemental) environmentally beneficial projects. EPA estimates that these efforts achieved commitments to reduce, treat, or eliminate 1.8 billion pounds of pollutants in the environment, primarily from air and water. EPA also assessed more than $152.0 million in civil penalties (administrative and judicial) and $35.0 million in criminal fines and restitution during FY2011. Nevertheless, noncompliance with federal pollution control laws remains a continuing concern. The overall effectiveness of the enforcement organizational framework, the balance between state autonomy and federal oversight, and the adequacy of funding are long-standing congressional concerns. This report provides an overview of the statutory framework, key players, infrastructure, resources, tools, and operations associated with enforcement and compliance of the major pollution control laws and regulations administered by EPA. It also outlines the roles of federal (including regional offices) and state regulators, as well as the regulated community. Understanding the many facets of how all federal pollution control laws are enforced, and the responsible parties involved, can be challenging. Enforcement of the considerable body of these laws involves a complex framework and organizational setting. The array of enforcement/compliance tools employed to achieve and maintain compliance includes monitoring, investigation, administrative and judicial (civil and criminal) actions and penalties, and compliance assistance and incentive approaches. Most compliance violations are resolved administratively by the states and EPA. EPA concluded 1,735 final administrative penalty orders in FY2010. Civil judicial actions, which may be filed by states or EPA, are the next most frequent enforcement action. EPA may refer civil cases to the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ), referring 222 civil cases in FY2011. The U.S. Attorney General's Office and DOJ's Environmental Crimes Section, or the state attorneys general, in coordination with EPA criminal investigators and general counsel, may prosecute criminal violations against individuals or entities who knowingly disregard environmental laws or are criminally negligent. Federal appropriations for environmental enforcement and compliance activities have remained relatively constant in recent fiscal years. Some contend that overall funding for enforcement activities has not kept pace with inflation or with the increasingly complex federal pollution control requirements. Congress appropriated $583.4 million for enforcement activities for FY2012, a decrease below the $593.5 million enacted for FY2011 and the $596.7 million enacted for FY2010, but an increase above the $568.9 million enacted for FY2009 and $553.5 million for FY2008. The President's FY2013 budget request included $615.9 million for EPA enforcement activities. To date, Congress has not completed action on the FY2013 appropriations for EPA.
Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309110009
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 286
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Book Description
Many regulations issued by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) are based on the results of computer models. Models help EPA explain environmental phenomena in settings where direct observations are limited or unavailable, and anticipate the effects of agency policies on the environment, human health and the economy. Given the critical role played by models, the EPA asked the National Research Council to assess scientific issues related to the agency's selection and use of models in its decisions. The book recommends a series of guidelines and principles for improving agency models and decision-making processes. The centerpiece of the book's recommended vision is a life-cycle approach to model evaluation which includes peer review, corroboration of results, and other activities. This will enhance the agency's ability to respond to requirements from a 2001 law on information quality and improve policy development and implementation.
