Heat Exchanger Fouling of Some Canadian Crude Oils PDF Download
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Languages : en
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Fouling refers to deposition of any kind of extraneous material that appears on the surface of process equipment, such as heat exchangers and reactors. This is a major economic penalty to oil refineries and heavy residuum upgrading units, thus creating incentives for a better understanding of fouling mechanisms which underlie methods to mitigate or control fouling. This research was focussed on a comparative study of the fouling tendencies of three sour crude oils supplied by Shell Canada Limited: Light Sour Blend (LSB), Midale (MDL), and Cold Lake (CLK). The experiments were carried out using a re-circulation fouling loop equipped with an HTRI-type annular electrical probe. Fluids were re-circulated for a 48 hour period from a feed tank, through the annular fouling probe, and back to the tank. The unit was operated at a constant heat flux with time, so that fouling could be tracked by the increase in surface temperature of the probe. Velocity was held constant at 0.75 m/s in most experiments. The unit was pressurized to 860-1240 kPa, depending on the oil used. Bulk temperatures were varied over the range 200-280°C, and surface temperatures covered the range 330-380°C. The decrease in overall heat transfer coefficient varied from 3% to 60%, with most results being in the range 10-32%, depending on conditions. Fouling resistances up to 0.3 m2K/kW were recorded. The effects of various parameters, namely surface temperature, bulk temperature, film temperatures, and annular velocities, on fouling rates were studied for Light Sour blend in detail. When correlating temperature effects on fouling rates, some authors use the surface temperature, while others use the average film temperature, Tf = 0.5 (Ts + T b). In this study both were examined. A slightly modified film temperature, which gave more weight to the surface temperature, was found to be the best. Deposits carefully recovered from the HTRJ probe, after each experiment, were analyzed using energy dispersive x-ray,
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ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
Fouling refers to deposition of any kind of extraneous material that appears on the surface of process equipment, such as heat exchangers and reactors. This is a major economic penalty to oil refineries and heavy residuum upgrading units, thus creating incentives for a better understanding of fouling mechanisms which underlie methods to mitigate or control fouling. This research was focussed on a comparative study of the fouling tendencies of three sour crude oils supplied by Shell Canada Limited: Light Sour Blend (LSB), Midale (MDL), and Cold Lake (CLK). The experiments were carried out using a re-circulation fouling loop equipped with an HTRI-type annular electrical probe. Fluids were re-circulated for a 48 hour period from a feed tank, through the annular fouling probe, and back to the tank. The unit was operated at a constant heat flux with time, so that fouling could be tracked by the increase in surface temperature of the probe. Velocity was held constant at 0.75 m/s in most experiments. The unit was pressurized to 860-1240 kPa, depending on the oil used. Bulk temperatures were varied over the range 200-280°C, and surface temperatures covered the range 330-380°C. The decrease in overall heat transfer coefficient varied from 3% to 60%, with most results being in the range 10-32%, depending on conditions. Fouling resistances up to 0.3 m2K/kW were recorded. The effects of various parameters, namely surface temperature, bulk temperature, film temperatures, and annular velocities, on fouling rates were studied for Light Sour blend in detail. When correlating temperature effects on fouling rates, some authors use the surface temperature, while others use the average film temperature, Tf = 0.5 (Ts + T b). In this study both were examined. A slightly modified film temperature, which gave more weight to the surface temperature, was found to be the best. Deposits carefully recovered from the HTRJ probe, after each experiment, were analyzed using energy dispersive x-ray,
Author: Francesco Coletti
Publisher: Gulf Professional Publishing
ISBN: 0128013591
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 385
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Book Description
With production from unconventional rigs continuing to escalate and refineries grappling with the challenges of shale and heavier oil feedstocks, petroleum engineers and refinery managers must ensure that equipment used with today’s crude oil is protected from fouling deposits Crude Oil Fouling addresses this overarching challenge for the petroleum community with clear explanations on what causes fouling, current models and new approaches to evaluate and study the formation of deposits, and how today’s models could be applied from lab experiment to onsite field usability for not just the refinery, but for the rig, platform, or pipeline. Crude Oil Fouling is a must-have reference for every petroleum engineer’s library that gives the basic framework needed to analyze, model, and integrate the best fouling strategies and operations for crude oil systems. Defines the most critical variables and events that cause fouling Explains the consequences of fouling and its impact on operations, safety, and economics Provides the technical models available to better predict and eliminate the potential for fouling in any crude system
Author: T.R. Bott
Publisher: Elsevier
ISBN: 0080531903
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 547
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Book Description
This unique and comprehensive text considers all aspects of heat exchanger fouling from the basic science of how surfaces become fouled to very practical ways of mitigating the problem and from mathematical modelling of different fouling mechanisms to practical methods of heat exchanger cleaning. The problems that restrict the efficient operation of equipment are described and the costs, some of them hidden costs, that are associated with the fouling of heat exchangers are discussed. Some simple concepts and models of the fouling processes are presented as part of the introduction to the subject. Advice on the selection, design, installation and commissioning of heat exchangers to minimise fouling is given. A large part of the text is devoted to the use of chemical and other additives to reduce or eliminate the problem of fouling. Another large section is designed to give information on both on-line and off-line cleaning of heat exchangers. One of the difficulties faced by designers and operators of heat exchangers is anticipating the likely extent of fouling problems to be encountered with different flow streams. Another large section addresses the question and describes methods that have been used in attempting to define fouling potential. The book concludes with a chapter on how fouling information can be obtained using plant data, field tests and laboratory studies.
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Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Author: James G. Speight
Publisher: Gulf Professional Publishing
ISBN: 0128011459
Category : Technology & Engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 539
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Fouling in Refineries is an important and ongoing problem that directly affects energy efficiency resulting in increased costs, production losses, and even unit shutdown, requiring costly expenditures to clean up equipment and return capacity to positive levels. This text addresses this common challenge for the hydrocarbon processing community within each unit of the refinery. As refineries today face a greater challenge of accepting harder to process heavier crudes and the ongoing flow of the lighter shale oil feedstocks, resulting in bigger challenges to balance product stability within their process equipment, this text seeks to inform all relative refinery personnel on how to monitor fouling, characterize the deposits, and follow all available treatments. With basic modeling and chemistry of fouling and each unit covered, users will learn how to operate at maximum production rates and elongate the efficiency of their refinery’s capacity. Presents an understanding of the breakdown of fouling per refinery unit, including distillation and coking units Provides all the factors, crude types, and refining blends that cause fouling, especially the unconventional feedstocks and high acid crudes used today Helps users develop an analysis-based treatment and control strategy that empowers them to operate refinery equipment at a level that prevents fouling from occurring
Author: Libor Pekar
Publisher: Academic Press
ISBN: 0128194235
Category : Science
Languages : en
Pages : 522
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Book Description
Advanced Analytic Control Techniques for Thermal Systems with Heat Exchangers presents the latest research on sophisticated analytic and control techniques specific for Heat Exchangers (HXs) and heat Exchanger Networks (HXNs), such as Stability Analysis, Efficiency of HXs, Fouling Effect, Delay Phenomenon, Robust Control, Algebraic Control, Geometric Control, Optimal Control, Fuzzy Control and Artificial Intelligence techniques. Editor Libor Pekar and his team of global expert contributors combine their knowledge and experience of investigated and applied systems and processes in this thorough review of the most advanced networks, analyzing their dynamics, efficiency, transient features, physical properties, performance, feasibility, flexibility and controllability. The structural and dynamic analyses and control approaches of HXNs, as well as energy efficient manipulation techniques are discussed, in addition to the design of the control systems through the full life cycle. This equips the reader with an understanding of the relevant theory in a variety of settings and scenarios and the confidence to apply that knowledge to solve problems in an academic or professional setting.Graduate students and early-mid career professionals require a robust understanding of how to suitably design thermal systems with HXs and HXNs to achieve required performance levels, which this book offers in one consolidated reference. All examples and solved problems included have been tried and tested, and these combined with the research driven theory provides professionals, researchers and students with the most recent techniques to maximize the energy efficiency and sustainability of existing and new thermal power systems. Analyses several advanced techniques, the theoretical background of these techniques and includes models, examples and results throughout Focusses on advanced analytic and control techniques which have been investigated or applied to thermal systems with HXs and HXNs Includes practical applications and advanced ideas from leading experts in the field, as well as case studies and tested problems and solutions
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ISBN: 9781862461192
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Author: Khairul Bin Rostani
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Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Author: Himanshu M. Joshi
Publisher:
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Category : Chemical engineering
Languages : en
Pages : 8
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Author: Paul Robert Wheeldon
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Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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