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Author: Namrata Uberoi
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
The Affordable Care Act (ACA) expands current public and private sources of health insurance coverage, while also creating new insurance marketplaces. Employer-sponsored insurance (ESI) will continue to cover 60 percent of Americans under the ACA. Accordingly, changes in employment and employment loss will continue to be primary causes of gaps and transitions in health insurance, and many people may look to the new marketplaces to fill gaps in insurance triggered by unemployment. This dissertation examines the risk of unemployment among workers with ESI, prior to health reform, and studies the nature and timing of health insurance transitions triggered by unemployment.Using the 2004 and 2008 panels of the Survey of Income and Program Participation, I undertake three related analyses to assess the potential demand for coverage into the marketplaces due to unemployment-related transitions. All analyses are grounded in income categories, corresponding to eligibility for Medicaid and subsidies under the ACA: Furthermore, estimates are placed in the context of different macroeconomic conditions corresponding to timeframes before, during, and after the Great Recession of 2007-2009. The sample is limited to working adults, ages 18-64.Over 2.3 million ESI policyholders and their dependents are at risk of utilizing the health insurance marketplaces or Medicaid for unemployment-related insurance transitions; more than half of these workers will be eligible for subsidies under health reform. Almost 1.1 million ESI policyholders will not be re-employed in time to avoid a three month gap, and are potentially subject to the individual mandate penalty. Older workers are more likely to remain on their former employers' plans post unemployment. While three-fourths, 1.2 million, younger policyholders, ages 26-54, are more likely to be uninsured after losing employment. The majority of individuals who lose employment and ESI are middle income workers. Increased unemployment risk and prevalence of ESI interact to create the highest risk of unemployment-related ESI losses in the middle income group, and will also interact with that group's eligibility for assistance under the ACA. Accordingly, ACA subsidies are well targeted to protect the majority of newly unemployed individuals who lose ESI.
Author: Namrata Uberoi
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
The Affordable Care Act (ACA) expands current public and private sources of health insurance coverage, while also creating new insurance marketplaces. Employer-sponsored insurance (ESI) will continue to cover 60 percent of Americans under the ACA. Accordingly, changes in employment and employment loss will continue to be primary causes of gaps and transitions in health insurance, and many people may look to the new marketplaces to fill gaps in insurance triggered by unemployment. This dissertation examines the risk of unemployment among workers with ESI, prior to health reform, and studies the nature and timing of health insurance transitions triggered by unemployment.Using the 2004 and 2008 panels of the Survey of Income and Program Participation, I undertake three related analyses to assess the potential demand for coverage into the marketplaces due to unemployment-related transitions. All analyses are grounded in income categories, corresponding to eligibility for Medicaid and subsidies under the ACA: Furthermore, estimates are placed in the context of different macroeconomic conditions corresponding to timeframes before, during, and after the Great Recession of 2007-2009. The sample is limited to working adults, ages 18-64.Over 2.3 million ESI policyholders and their dependents are at risk of utilizing the health insurance marketplaces or Medicaid for unemployment-related insurance transitions; more than half of these workers will be eligible for subsidies under health reform. Almost 1.1 million ESI policyholders will not be re-employed in time to avoid a three month gap, and are potentially subject to the individual mandate penalty. Older workers are more likely to remain on their former employers' plans post unemployment. While three-fourths, 1.2 million, younger policyholders, ages 26-54, are more likely to be uninsured after losing employment. The majority of individuals who lose employment and ESI are middle income workers. Increased unemployment risk and prevalence of ESI interact to create the highest risk of unemployment-related ESI losses in the middle income group, and will also interact with that group's eligibility for assistance under the ACA. Accordingly, ACA subsidies are well targeted to protect the majority of newly unemployed individuals who lose ESI.
Author: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309452961
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 583
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Book Description
In the United States, some populations suffer from far greater disparities in health than others. Those disparities are caused not only by fundamental differences in health status across segments of the population, but also because of inequities in factors that impact health status, so-called determinants of health. Only part of an individual's health status depends on his or her behavior and choice; community-wide problems like poverty, unemployment, poor education, inadequate housing, poor public transportation, interpersonal violence, and decaying neighborhoods also contribute to health inequities, as well as the historic and ongoing interplay of structures, policies, and norms that shape lives. When these factors are not optimal in a community, it does not mean they are intractable: such inequities can be mitigated by social policies that can shape health in powerful ways. Communities in Action: Pathways to Health Equity seeks to delineate the causes of and the solutions to health inequities in the United States. This report focuses on what communities can do to promote health equity, what actions are needed by the many and varied stakeholders that are part of communities or support them, as well as the root causes and structural barriers that need to be overcome.
Author: Mr.Shekhar Aiyar
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
ISBN: 1475569491
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 29
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Book Description
The age-distribution of Europe’s workforce has shifted towards older workers over the past few decades, a process expected to accelerate in the years ahead.. This paper studies the effect of the aging of the workforce on labor productivity, identifies the main transmission channels, and examines what policies might mitigate the effects of aging. We find that workforce aging reduces growth in labor productivity, mainly through its negative effect on TFP growth. Projected workforce aging could reduce TFP growth by an average of 0.2 percentage points every year over the next two decades. A variety of policies could ameliorate this effect.
Author: Institute of Medicine
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309076099
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 204
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Book Description
Roughly 40 million Americans have no health insurance, private or public, and the number has grown steadily over the past 25 years. Who are these children, women, and men, and why do they lack coverage for essential health care services? How does the system of insurance coverage in the U.S. operate, and where does it fail? The first of six Institute of Medicine reports that will examine in detail the consequences of having a large uninsured population, Coverage Matters: Insurance and Health Care, explores the myths and realities of who is uninsured, identifies social, economic, and policy factors that contribute to the situation, and describes the likelihood faced by members of various population groups of being uninsured. It serves as a guide to a broad range of issues related to the lack of insurance coverage in America and provides background data of use to policy makers and health services researchers.
Author: Mr.Romain A Duval
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
ISBN: 1498313264
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 58
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Book Description
This paper discusses theoretical aspects and evidences related to designing labor market institutions in emerging market and developing economies. This note reviews the state of theory and evidence on the design of labor market institutions in a developing economy context and then reviews its consistency with actual labor market advice in a selected set of emerging and developing economies. The focus is mainly on three broad sets of institutions that matter for both workers’ protection and labor market efficiency: employment protection, unemployment insurance and social assistance, minimum wages and collective bargaining. Text mining techniques are used to identify IMF recommendations in these areas in Article IV Reports for 30 emerging and frontier economies over 2005–2016. This note has provided a critical review of the literature on the design of labor market institutions in emerging and developing market economies, and benchmarked the advice featured in IMF recommendations for 30 emerging market and frontier economies against the tentative conclusions from the literature.
Author: Institute of Medicine
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309048273
Category : Medical
Languages : en
Pages : 381
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Book Description
The United States is unique among economically advanced nations in its reliance on employers to provide health benefits voluntarily for workers and their families. Although it is well known that this system fails to reach millions of these individuals as well as others who have no connection to the work place, the system has other weaknesses. It also has many advantages. Because most proposals for health care reform assume some continued role for employers, this book makes an important contribution by describing the strength and limitations of the current system of employment-based health benefits. It provides the data and analysis needed to understand the historical, social, and economic dynamics that have shaped present-day arrangements and outlines what might be done to overcome some of the access, value, and equity problems associated with current employer, insurer, and government policies and practices. Health insurance terminology is often perplexing, and this volume defines essential concepts clearly and carefully. Using an array of primary sources, it provides a store of information on who is covered for what services at what costs, on how programs vary by employer size and industry, and on what governments doâ€"and do not doâ€"to oversee employment-based health programs. A case study adapted from real organizations' experiences illustrates some of the practical challenges in designing, managing, and revising benefit programs. The sometimes unintended and unwanted consequences of employer practices for workers and health care providers are explored. Understanding the concepts of risk, biased risk selection, and risk segmentation is fundamental to sound health care reform. This volume thoroughly examines these key concepts and how they complicate efforts to achieve efficiency and equity in health coverage and health care. With health care reform at the forefront of public attention, this volume will be important to policymakers and regulators, employee benefit managers and other executives, trade associations, and decisionmakers in the health insurance industry, as well as analysts, researchers, and students of health policy.
Author: Andreas Pollak
Publisher: Mohr Siebeck
ISBN: 9783161493041
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 204
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Book Description
Designing a good unemployment insurance scheme is a delicate matter. In a system with no or little insurance, households may be subject to a high income risk, whereas excessively generous unemployment insurance systems are known to lead to high unemployment rates and are costly both from a fiscal perspective and for society as a whole. Andreas Pollak investigates what an optimal unemployment insurance system would look like, i.e. a system that constitutes the best possible compromise between income security and incentives to work. Using theoretical economic models and complex numerical simulations, he studies the effects of benefit levels and payment durations on unemployment and welfare. As the models allow for considerable heterogeneity of households, including a history-dependent labor productivity, it is possible to analyze how certain policies affect individuals in a specific age, wealth or skill group. The most important aspect of an unemployment insurance system turns out to be the benefits paid to the long-term unemployed. If this parameter is chosen too high, a large number of households may get caught in a long spell of unemployment with little chance of finding work again. Based on the predictions in these models, the so-called "Hartz IV" labor market reform recently adopted in Germany should have highly favorable effects on the unemployment rates and welfare in the long run.
Author: Elizabeth Bradley
Publisher: Public Affairs
ISBN: 1610392094
Category : Political Science
Languages : en
Pages : 274
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Book Description
Considers why U.S. society is believed to be less healthy in spite of disproportionate spending on health care, identifying a lack of social services, outdated care allocations, and a resistance to government programs as the problem.
Author: Oregon. Office of the Secretary of State
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Oregon
Languages : en
Pages : 232
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Book Description
Author: National Research Council
Publisher: National Academies Press
ISBN: 0309264146
Category : Social Science
Languages : en
Pages : 421
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Book Description
The United States is among the wealthiest nations in the world, but it is far from the healthiest. Although life expectancy and survival rates in the United States have improved dramatically over the past century, Americans live shorter lives and experience more injuries and illnesses than people in other high-income countries. The U.S. health disadvantage cannot be attributed solely to the adverse health status of racial or ethnic minorities or poor people: even highly advantaged Americans are in worse health than their counterparts in other, "peer" countries. In light of the new and growing evidence about the U.S. health disadvantage, the National Institutes of Health asked the National Research Council (NRC) and the Institute of Medicine (IOM) to convene a panel of experts to study the issue. The Panel on Understanding Cross-National Health Differences Among High-Income Countries examined whether the U.S. health disadvantage exists across the life span, considered potential explanations, and assessed the larger implications of the findings. U.S. Health in International Perspective presents detailed evidence on the issue, explores the possible explanations for the shorter and less healthy lives of Americans than those of people in comparable countries, and recommends actions by both government and nongovernment agencies and organizations to address the U.S. health disadvantage.
