Health and Earnings in a Heterogeneous Urban Labor Market PDF Download
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Author: Peter Glick
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Labor productivity
Languages : en
Pages : 44
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Book Description
Author: Peter Glick
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Labor productivity
Languages : en
Pages : 44
Get Book Here
Book Description
Author: Peter Glick
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
The effects of changes in various health indicators on hourly earnings in different sectors of the labour market are examined using survey data from Conakry, Guinea. Greater height, which is associated with greater strength, raises earnings of men both in self-employment and the private wage sector, where work is likely to involve physical labour. Height does not matter for women's earnings, which likely reflects the less physically strenuous nature of most women's activities. Body mass index, treated as an endogenous variable, appears to raise earnings of men in self- and private wage employment and of women in self-employment. No impacts are found for household per capita calorie and protein availability, also treated as endogenous. Overall, the results suggest that health matters for productivity in poor urban environments, with these effects depending on gender and the sector of employment or type of work.
Author: Melvin Stephens
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category : Coronary heart disease
Languages : en
Pages : 36
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Book Description
While economists have posited that health investments increase earnings, isolating the causal effect of health is challenging due both to reverse causality and unobserved heterogeneity. We examine the labor market effects of a randomized controlled trial, the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT), which monitored nearly 13,000 men for over six years. We find that this intervention, which provided a bundle of treatments to reduce coronary heart disease mortality, increased earnings and family income. We find few differences in estimated gains by baseline health and occupation characteristics. Reductions in serious illnesses and work-limiting disabilities likely contributed to the observed gains.
Author: Daniel Ethan Beemon
Publisher:
ISBN:
Category :
Languages : en
Pages : 0
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Book Description
This dissertation studies the interaction between wages and other, non-wage incentives and outcomes in the labor market. In the first chapter, I develop and estimate a labor market search model with employer sponsored health insurance (ESHI), worker and firm heterogeneity, and wage dispersion arising from firm market power and job transition fric- tions. I estimate this model and use it to examine the impact of ESHI on the wage distribu- tion, and to counterfactually predict the effect of removing health insurance from the labor market via the provision of free public insurance. I consider two alternative policies where universal healthcare is funded external to the model, or via a new corporate tax on revenue. In the first, I find a considerable degree of passthrough to wages, roughly 76%, of what is effectively a subsidy to firms that were previously paying insurance premiums. However, it takes almost ten years for these wage gains to fully accrue to workers. In the second policy, average wages are virtually unaffected, but in addition to providing insurance coverage to all individuals, the tax acts as a transfer of wealth from the highest to the lowest earners, and these distributional effects are realized much more rapidly. In both counterfactual regimes, wage inequality decreases by a little more than 2 percentage points, but unemployment, job mobility, and joint productivity are not significantly impacted by universal healthcare. In the second chapter, I examine non-wage incentives more generally. This chapter develops a simple structural model of the choice to work a second job. I examine the effects of non-wage job characteristics on this decision making in order to determine the extent to which individuals hold multiple jobs as a source of enjoyment, versus as a means of overcoming hours constraints in the primary job. To fit this model, I estimate a distribution of enjoyment parameters for individuals holding more than one job, and find that on average, individuals dislike their secondary jobs about 13.5% more than their primary jobs, but roughly 35% of these individuals enjoy their secondary jobs. Though this supports findings of hours constraints as the primary motivator of dual job holding, these results provide a framework for further study of the substantial portion of dual job holders that do prefer their second jobs. The third chapter examines the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic and its related income and employment shocks on the use of mental health resources in the Wisconsin Medicaid population. Using administrative Medicaid claims data from the Wisconsin Department of Health Services, I find a reduction in mental healthcare utilization during the public health emergency (PHE) that is similar to but significantly smaller than observed trends in overall outpatient visits. However, making use of the PHE declaration as an exogenous shock to employment, I find that this decline was 0.45 percentage points smaller for individuals who experienced a decrease in wages of 50% or more. This is largely driven by the subset of individuals with a pre-existing mental health diagnosis, as for this group I find the effect of an employment shock was a 1.3 percentage point smaller drop in mental health visit probability, a 4.35% difference relative to individuals who did not experience a reduction in wages. This suggests that individuals with pre-existing mental health conditions were more likely to continue care during the initial months of the pandemic if they were subjected to some form of job displacement.
Author: Robert Shimer
Publisher: Princeton University Press
ISBN: 1400835232
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 189
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Book Description
Labor Markets and Business Cycles integrates search and matching theory with the neoclassical growth model to better understand labor market outcomes. Robert Shimer shows analytically and quantitatively that rigid wages are important for explaining the volatile behavior of the unemployment rate in business cycles. The book focuses on the labor wedge that arises when the marginal rate of substitution between consumption and leisure does not equal the marginal product of labor. According to competitive models of the labor market, the labor wedge should be constant and equal to the labor income tax rate. But in U.S. data, the wedge is strongly countercyclical, making it seem as if recessions are periods when workers are dissuaded from working and firms are dissuaded from hiring because of an increase in the labor income tax rate. When job searches are time consuming and wages are flexible, search frictions--the cost of a job search--act like labor adjustment costs, further exacerbating inconsistencies between the competitive model and data. The book shows that wage rigidities can reconcile the search model with the data, providing a quantitatively more accurate depiction of labor markets, consumption, and investment dynamics. Developing detailed search and matching models, Labor Markets and Business Cycles will be the main reference for those interested in the intersection of labor market dynamics and business cycle research.
Author: Asare Twum-Barima
Publisher:
ISBN: 9780355461268
Category :
Languages : en
Pages :
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Book Description
Low-income households in developing countries frequently experience anticipated and unanticipated events that lead to decreases in their income. For households that depend on labor income, one of the main sources of decreases in their income is pregnancy. This is particularly true if the pregnant woman is one of the main income earners of the household. Forward-looking households expect the pregnant woman’s labor endowment to decrease during pregnancy and then increase during the early periods after birth. In addition to this, they expect to experience shocks to her labor endowment during pregnancy and after birth. In the absence of formal insurance and financial markets, low-income households make consumption and labor supply decisions (ex ante and ex post) in anticipation of decreases in their income. Consumption goods and services include food, clothing, healthcare, childcare, post-natal care, antenatal care, and entertainment. These realized and anticipated decreases in income can result in fluctuations in consumption over time, low consumption, and high levels of labor supply during pregnancy. A high level of labor supply by the pregnant woman can have detrimental effects on her health, and that of her child. This dissertation examines household ex ante consumption and labor supply behavior in anticipation of decreases in income. It also investigates the implication of household ex ante behavior for their dietary quality. In the theoretical model chapter of this dissertation, I use a flexible intertemporal consumption and labor supply model to analyze the intertemporal consumption and labor supply decisions of a household with a pregnant woman. Based on the results of the model, I present three results. Firstly, households regardless of their asset levels increase or decrease their consumption and leisure per adult equivalent over time depending on their discount and real interest rates. Secondly, the age of the infant has no effect on consumption per adult equivalent and labor supply per adult equivalent even though it has a direct effect on the household’s total adult equivalent and labor endowment. Lastly, the welfare implications of consumption and labor supply behavior for the mother and child depend on the household’s asset level. In another chapter, I empirically test some of the implications of the model using a unique data set collected from households with pregnant women in peri-urban Ghana. I show that households are able to smooth their nondurable consumption as well as food consumption in anticipation of decreases in their incomes irrespective of their relative wealth levels. It is possible that households sacrifice their dietary quality by changing the composition of their food expenditure in order to satisfy caloric requirements. I empirically explore changes in the composition of food expenditure and dietary quality during pregnancy and the early stages after birth. I find that households are able to smooth their food consumption without a decrease in their dietary quality during this period. The findings of this study can be used to help design consumption protection programs, nutrition programs, cash transfer programs, and safety nets. These programs are especially critical for households with vulnerable members such as pregnant women, lactating mothers, and children under five years of age.
Author: World Health Organization. Centre for Health Development
Publisher: World Health Organization
ISBN: 9241548037
Category : Health & Fitness
Languages : en
Pages : 145
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Book Description
"The joint WHO and UN-HABITAT report, Hidden cities: unmasking and overcoming health inequities in urban settings, is being released at a turning point in human history. For the first time ever, the majority of the world's population is living in cities, and this proportion continues to grow. Putting this into numbers, in 1990 fewer than 4 in 10 people lived in urban areas. In 2010, more than half live in cities, and by 2050 this proportion will grow to 7 out of every 10 people. The number of urban residents is growing by nearly 60 million every year. This demographic transition from rural to urban, or urbanization, has far-reaching consequences. Urbanization has been associated with overall shifts in the economy, away from agriculture-based activities and towards mass industry, technology and service. High urban densities have reduced transaction costs, made public spending on infrastructure and services more economically viable, and facilitated generation and diffusion of knowledge, all of which have fuelled economic growth"--Page ix.
Author: Ms.Era Dabla-Norris
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
ISBN: 1513547437
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 39
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Book Description
This paper analyzes the extent of income inequality from a global perspective, its drivers, and what to do about it. The drivers of inequality vary widely amongst countries, with some common drivers being the skill premium associated with technical change and globalization, weakening protection for labor, and lack of financial inclusion in developing countries. We find that increasing the income share of the poor and the middle class actually increases growth while a rising income share of the top 20 percent results in lower growth—that is, when the rich get richer, benefits do not trickle down. This suggests that policies need to be country specific but should focus on raising the income share of the poor, and ensuring there is no hollowing out of the middle class. To tackle inequality, financial inclusion is imperative in emerging and developing countries while in advanced economies, policies should focus on raising human capital and skills and making tax systems more progressive.
Author: Mr.Olivier Coibion
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
ISBN: 1475505493
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 57
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Book Description
We study the effects and historical contribution of monetary policy shocks to consumption and income inequality in the United States since 1980. Contractionary monetary policy actions systematically increase inequality in labor earnings, total income, consumption and total expenditures. Furthermore, monetary shocks can account for a significant component of the historical cyclical variation in income and consumption inequality. Using detailed micro-level data on income and consumption, we document the different channels via which monetary policy shocks affect inequality, as well as how these channels depend on the nature of the change in monetary policy.
Author: Pierre-Richard Agénor
Publisher: International Monetary Fund
ISBN: 1451854781
Category : Business & Economics
Languages : en
Pages : 98
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Book Description
This paper examines the role of the labor market in the transmission process of adjustment policies in developing countries. It begins by reviewing the recent evidence regarding the functioning of these markets. It then studies the implications of wage inertia, nominal contracts, labor market segmentation, and impediments to labor mobility for stabilization policies. The effect of labor market reforms on economic flexibility and the channels through which labor market imperfections alter the effects of structural adjustment measures are discussed next. The last part of the paper identifies a variety of issues that may require further investigation, such as the link between changes in relative wages and the distributional effects of adjustment policies.
